Queries

Number of degrees of vowel height
Two Three Four Five
Vowel height degrees
Close and open Close and mid Close, mid and open Close, close-mid, mid and open Close, close-mid, open-mid and open Close, mid-close, mid-open, and open Narrow and non-narrow
Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees
Mid Close and mid Mid and open
Degrees of vowel backness
Front and back Front, central and back
Presence of length degrees
Present Absent
Number of length degrees
Two
Presence of vowel opposition in labialization
Present Absent
Vowel opposition in labialization
Present for front vowels Present for central vowels Present for back vowels Present for front and central vowels Present for front and back vowels Present for central and back vowels Present for front, central and back vowels
Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization
Present Absent
Vowel opposition in nasalization
Present for back vowels Present for front and central vowels Present for front and back vowels Present for central and back vowels Present for front, central and back vowels
Vowel opposition in pharyngealization
No vowel opposition in pharyngealization Present for central and back vowels Present for front, central and back vowels
Vowel opposition in ATR
No vowel opposition in ATR Present for front and back vowels
Diphthongs and triphthongs
No diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present Both diphthongs and triphthongs present
Types of diphthongs
Rising (ascending) Falling (descending) Rising (ascending) and falling (descending) Even and falling (descending) Even
Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features
Opposition by presence and absence of voice Opposition by aspiration Ejectives present Geminated consonants present Opposition by voice presence/absence and by aspiration Opposition by voice presence/absence, ejectives present Ejective consonants present Opposition by voice presence/absence and softness Strong and weak consonants present Emphatic consonants present Opposition by strain Opposition by voice presence/absence, emphatic consonants present Opposition by voice presence/absence and strain Opposition by voice presence/absence and labialization Opposition by voice presence/absence and palatalization Strong (voiceless), weak (voiced) and geminate consonants present Emphatic and implosive consonants present Ejective and preruptive consonants present
Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation
Plosives and fricatives Plosives, affricates and fricatives
Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation
Labial, coronal and velar/uvular Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal Labial, coronal, palatal and velar/uvular Labial, coronal, velar/uvular and laryngeal
Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation
Only bilabial Bilabial and labiodental
Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation
Dental Alveolar Dental and alveolar Dental and interdental Dental and retroflex Dental and postalveolar Dental and alveopalatal Dental, interdental and alveolar Dental, alveolar and postalveolar Dental, interdental and alveopalatal Alveolar and postalveolar Alveolar and retroflex Alveolar, retroflex and alveopalatal Dental, alveolar, and retroflex Dental-alveolar and palatal Dental, alveolar and dental-alveolar Dental-alveolar Alveolar and alveopalatal Interdental and dental-alveolar Dental, alveolar and palatal Dental, alveolar and alveo-palatal Dental-alveolar and postalveolar Dental, alveolar and prepalatal Dental and front-palatal Dental, alveolar, and front-palatal Dental, interdental, alveolar, and front-palatal
Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation
Velar Uvular Velar and uvular
Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation
Only pharyngeal Only glottal Both pharyngeal and glottal
Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents
Absent By labialization By palatalization By pharyngealization By labialization and palatalization By labialization and pharyngealization By labialization, palatalization and pharyngealization By palatalization and pharyngealization By labialization and nasalisation
Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation
Nasal and liquid Nasal, liquid and vibrant Nasal, liquid and glide Nasal, vibrant and glide Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide Nasal and glide Approximant, nasal, vibrant and lateral Nasal and approximant Nasal, liquid and lateral Nasal, vibrant, lateral and glide Nasal, vibrant and lateral Occlusive and approximant Occlusive, approximant and pharyngeal Nasal, vibrant, lateral and liquid
Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation
Coronal Labial and coronal Dorsal and guttural Labial, coronal, dorsal, guttural and postuvular Labial, coronal, guttural and postuvular Labial, coronal, dorsal and postuvular Labial, coronal and dorsal Coronal, dorsal and guttural Labial, coronal and guttural Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural Coronal and dorsal Labial, coronal (apical and pre-dorsal), and front-palatal Labial, alveolar, front-palatal, and mid-palatal
Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants
Absent By vocalization By palatalization By labialization By intensity By pharyngealization By length By vocalization and length By palatalization and labialization By palatalization and intensity By vocalization and palatalization By vocalization and nasalization By aspiration
Inventory of fricatives by place of articulation
Mid and lateral

Basic prosodic unit
Stress Tones Stress and tones
Prosodic unit carrier
Syllable Mora Word
Character of prosodic unit by its choice
Phonological Non-phonological Phonological and non-phonological
Stress type (quality characteristics)
Dynamic Quantitative Pitch-accent Pitch-accent and dynamic
Stress fixedness
Flexible Fixed
Fixed stress types
Strictly fixed Limited
Stress pattern in inflection
Flexible Fixed Flexible and fixed
Strictly fixed stress type (by position in a word)
First syllable Antepenult Ultima First syllable of stem First syllable; Antepenult First syllable; Ultima
Limited stress carriers
First syllable Second syllable Third syllable Ultima Penult Antepenult First syllable; Penult First syllable; Second syllable First syllable; Ultima Ultima; Penult Penult; Antepenult First syllable; Second syllable; Third syllable First syllable; Second syllable; Ultima First syllable; Ultima; Penult Ultima; Penult; Antepenult
Tonema types
Level Register and contour
Number of level tones
Two Three
Level tone types
High Middle Low High; Low High; Middle; Low
Number of contour tone levels
One Two
Contour tonema types
Rising Falling Falling by 1-2 levels Rising; Falling
Length character
Phonological Non-phonological Rhythmic Phonological and non-phonological Phonological and rhythmic Non-phonological and rhythmic
Target of vowel harmony
Phoneme Group of phonemes Affix Group of affixes Group of affixes, all vowels All vowels One vowel or all vowels Foot No vowel harmony
Feature of vowel harmony
Backness Height Labialization Backness and height Backness and roundedness Height and roundedness Nasalization ATR and nasalization Openness/closedness Narrow and broad vowels
Trigger of vowel harmony
First vowel of word First vowel of affix First vowel of root Stressed vowel Last vowel of stem First vowel of word (root) Final syllable vowel, or first vowel of word, or stressed syllable of stem First vowel of word or last vowel of stem Last vowel of word Vowel of flection Vowel of next syllable Vowel or diphthong of preceding syllable
Other suprasegmental phenomena
Nasalization Palatalization Phonation Velarization and palatalization Palatalization and nasalization Labialization and glottal stop Aspiration and palatalization
Types of phonation
Stiff voice and slack voice Stiff voice Aspirated voice Slack voice Slackened voice

Syllable onset
No null onset Most syllables have a non-null onset Most syllables have a null onset Both null and non-null onset possible
Syllable coda
Only null coda possible Most syllables have a non-null coda Most syllables have a null coda Both null and non-null coda possible
Consonant clusters in syllable
Consonant clusters are absent Consonant clusters are only possible at the onset of syllable Consonant clusters are only possible at the coda of syllable Consonant clusters are possible at both the onset and the coda of syllable

Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position

Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
Only vowels possible Only consonants possible Limited set of vowels Limited set of consonants possible No vowel clusters No consonant clusters No long (geminate) consonants Limited set of vowels; Limited set of consonants possible Limited set of consonants possible; No consonant clusters No vowel clusters; No consonant clusters Limited set of vowels; Limited set of consonants possible; No consonant clusters Limited set of vowels; Limited set of consonants possible; No consonant clusters; No long (geminate) consonants
Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position

Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position
Only vowels possible Limited set of vowels possible Limited set of consonants possible Limitations on consonant sequences (combinations) No vowel clusters No consonant clusters No clusters of more than two consonants Limited set of vowels possible; Limited set of consonants possible Limited set of consonants possible; No consonant clusters Limited set of consonants possible; No vowel clusters No vowel clusters; No consonant clusters
Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words
Mainly monosyllabic words Mostly monosyllabic and bisyllabic words Mostly bisyllabic words Mainly polysyllabic words
Differences between content and function words

Types of differences between content and function words
Differences in phonetic structure Differences in accentuation Differences in syllable structure Differences in phonetic structure; Differences in accentuation Differences in phonetic structure; Differences in syllable structure Differences in accentuation; Differences in syllable structure Differences in phonetic structure; Differences in accentuation; Differences in syllable structure
Differences between native and borrowed words

Types of differences between native and borrowed words
Differences in phonetic structure Differences in accentuation Differences in syllable structure Differences in phonetic structure; Differences in accentuation Differences in phonetic structure; Differences in syllable structure Differences in accentuation; Differences in syllable structure Differences in phonetic structure; Differences in accentuation; Differences in syllable structure
Differences between roots and affixes

Types of differences between roots and affixes
Differences in phonetic structure Accentual differences Differences in syllable structure Differences in tones Differences in number of syllables Differences in phonetic structure; Accentual differences Differences in phonetic structure; Differences in syllable structure Accentual differences; Differences in syllable structure Differences in phonetic structure; Accentual differences; Differences in number of syllables Differences in phonetic structure; Accentual differences; Differences in syllable structure
Functional type of alternations
No alternations Accompanying Distinctive Accompanying and distinctive
Type of altenations
Vowel alternations Consonant alternations Mixed alternations Tone alternations Vowel and consonant alternations Vowel and mixed alternations Vowel, consonant and mixed alternations Consonant and phoneme complex alternations Vowel, consonant, mixed, and phoneme complex alternations Vowel, consonant, and phoneme complex alternations Vowel and tone alternations Consonant and tone alternations

Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word
Agglutinative Agglutinative with some fusional features Fusional Fusional with some agglutinative features Fusional-agglutinative
Fusional type features
Internal flection Cumulative affixes Phonetically unconditioned stem alternations Phonetically unconditioned fusion Cumulative affixes, several conjugation types Cumulative affixes, several conjugation types, phonetically unconditioned stem alternations Phonetically unconditioned stem alternations and cumulative affixes Internal flection, phonetically unconditioned fusion Internal and external flection Internal flection and cumulative flections Cumulative affixes, internal flection, several declension types Cumulative flections, phonetically unconditioned stem alternations, phonetically unconditioned fusion, several declension types Internal flection, several declension types, phonetically unconditioned stem alternations
Agglutinative type features
One flection can only express one meaning Low degree of fusion between root and non-root morphemes No phonetic alternations in morphemes One flection can only express one meaning, single inflection/conjugation type, no phonetic alternations in morphemes One flection can only express one meaning, single inflection/conjugation type, no phonetic alternations in morphemes, basic form bare stem No phonetic alternations in morphemes, basic form bare stem No phonetic alternations in morphemes, one flection can only express one meaning No phonetic alternations in morphemes, one flection can only express one meaning, basic form bare stem
Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion
Analytic Analytic with elements of synthetism Isolating Synthetic Synthetic with elements of analytism Synthetic with elements of polysynthetism

Number of agreement classes
No agreement classes Two Three Four Six Two or three
Morphological expression of agreement classes
Articles Umlaut Verbal affixes Verbal affixes and adjective affixes Umlaut and affixes Nominal flections and articles Nominal flections Case and number flections Nominal and verb flections Articles and case and number flections Articles and nominal and verb flections Anlaut mutations
Syntactic expression of agreement classes
Verbs Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns, adjectives, and verbs Adjectives, verbs, and numerals Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, and verbs Adjectives and verbs Adjectives. Numerals, and pronouns Adjectives, pronouns, participles, and articles Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, and participles Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, verbs, and participles Verbs and pronouns Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, and articles Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles, and articles Adjectives, pronouns, and participles Adjectives, pronouns, verbs, and participles Adjectives, pronouns, and articles
Other means of expressing agreement classes
Numeral classifiers
Attributive agreement in gender
Absent Only in singular In singular and in plural In singular, dual, and plural
Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender
Absent Always present For "one" For "one", "two" For "one", "two", "three", "four" For "one", "two", "three" For "one", "three", "four"
Nouns classifying categories
Absent Person/non-person Animacy/inanimacy Person/non-person and animacy/inanimacy Class Countability/uncountability Person/non-person, animacy/inanimacy, and definiteness/indefiniteness
Opposition by person/non-person
Lexical Morphological Syntactic Lexical and morphological Lexical and syntactic Morphological and syntactic Lexical, morphological and syntactic
Expression of animacy/inanimacy
Lexical Morphological Syntactic Lexical and syntactic Morphological and syntactic Lexical and morphological Lexical, morphological, and syntactic

Number in nouns
Singular and plural Singular, dual and plural
Single number marking
Marked Unmarked Marked and unmarked
Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs
Absent Neutral and polite Neutral, polite, and impolite Pluralis majestatis
Agreement in number
No agreement in number Predicative Attributive Predicative and attributive
Form of a noun in numeral phrases
Singular Plural Singular and plural Singular, dual, and plural
Numeral system
Decimal Decimal with elements of duodecimal Decimal with elements of vigesimal Vigesimal with elements of decimal Vigesimal with elements of quinary Vigesimal Mixed, with elements of quinary, decimal, pentadecimal, and vigesimal Decimal with elements of quinary Mixed, with elements of quinary, decimal, and vigesimal Decimal with elements of duodecimal and vigesimal

Number of noun cases
One-two Three-seven Eight-twelve Thirteen-twenty Over twenty No case
Subject and object marking
Verbal agreement Object pronouns Case affixes Function words Verbal agreement and case affixes Verbal agreement and function words Internal inflection, verbal agreement, and case affixes Verbal agreement, case affixes and function words Verbal agreement, function words, object pronouns, and verbal pronouns Object pronouns, function words, case affixes, and verbal agreement Case affixes, verbal agreement, and word order Subject and object personal pronouns, prepositions, and word order Subject and object personal pronouns, prepositions, and verbal agreement Case and number flections, subject, direct and indirect object personal pronouns, prepositions, and verbal agreement Subject, direct and indirect object personal pronouns, verbal agreement and word order Subject, direct and indirect object personal pronouns, prepositions, verbal agreement, and word order Subject, direct and indirect object personal pronouns, pronominal reprise, prepositions, verbal agreement, and word order
Case of nominal predicate
Absolutive Genitive Nominative Nominative or partitive Caseless form Nominative or ergative
Case marking of possessive relations
Genitive Dative Ablative Possessive Oblique Genitive or dative Nominative or genitive
Other means of expressing possessive relations
Verbs of possession Possessive particles Possessive affixes Possessive pronouns Adpositions Possessive adjectives Apposition Possessive declension Possessive affixes and possessive pronouns Possessive pronominal enclitics and possessive pronouns Apposition and prepositions Possessive particles and reflexive pronouns Apposition, pronouns and pronominal enclitics Apposition, possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives and possessive affixes Apposition, possessive affixes and prepositions Possessive adjectives and pronouns Possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives, and affixes Prepositions Possessive pronouns and prepositions Apposition and postpositions Possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives Apposition, izafat, and possessive particles Apposition and possessive pronouns Possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives, personal pronouns, and prepositions Possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives, personal pronouns, prepositions, and possessive article Possessive pronouns and affixes Possessive pronouns and articles Possessive pronouns, prepositions and particles Possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives, and prepositions Reflexive pronoun and genitive forms of personal pronouns Possessive pronouns and verbs of possession Possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives, verbs of possession, and prepositions Possessive and personal pronouns Possessive pronouns and word order Possessive pronouns, possessive adjectives, and verbs of possession
Means of expressing spatial relations
Noun affixes Preverbs Spatial adverbs Postpositions Prepositions Adpositional constructions Noun affixes and verbal affixes Noun affixes and prepositions Noun affixes and postpositions Adpositions Noun affixes and spatial adverbs Postpositions and function nouns Pronouns and locative cases Noun affixes, pronominal adverbs and adpositional constructions Noun affixes, adverbs of place, and postpositions Noun affixes, adverbs of place, and prepositions Noun affixes, preverbs and postpositions Noun affixes and adpositions Pronouns, pronominal adverbs, locative cases, postpositions Pronouns, pronominal adverbs, locative cases, adpositions Preverbs and adverbs Locative cases, prepositions, and pronouns Pronouns Adverbs, pronouns, verb prefixes, and prepositions Adverbs and pronouns Pronouns and adverbs Pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions Adverbs and prepositional-nominal constructions Nominal affixes, spatial adverbs, postpositions, and particles Pronouns, pronoun adverbs, and prepositions Spatial adverbs and prepositions Adverbs, pronominal adverbs, and prepositions Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions Affixes, demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions Demonstrative pronouns, spatial adverbs, and prepositions Demonstrative pronouns, noun affixes, prepositions, postpositions, and adverbs Pronouns, pronoun adverbs, adverbs, and prepositions Pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, and particles Locative cases, pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions
Dependent nouns in possessive constructions

Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns
Same Different
Secondary cases
Present Absent

Voice forms expression
Category of voice is absent Auxiliary verb Affixes Auxiliary verb and affixes Affixes and function words Auxiliary verb, affixes and function words Auxiliary verb + participle and affixes Auxiliary verb + participle and reflexive pronoun Morphonological alternation and affixes Auxiliary verb + participle and pronominal verb form Auxiliary verb + participle
Voice stacking in the same verb form
Present Absent
Double voice forms
Passive and causative Passive and reflexive Passive and reciprocal Reflexive and reciprocal/ reflexive and causative Reflexive and causative/ causative and reciprocal Causative and passive/reciprocal
Voice forms coincidence
Absent Middle and passive Passive and reflexive Passive, reflexive and reciprocal Passive, reflexive, middle and reciprocal Potential and passive Passive and causative Passive and decausative Active and reflexive Reflexive and reciprocal
Tense forms
Past Present Future Non-future Non-past General Past; Non-past Past; Present Present; Future Future; Non-future Past; Future; Non-future Past; Future; Non-past Past; Present; Future Past; Present; General Past; Present; Non-past Past; Present; Future; Non-past
Aspect and tense expression
Separate Syncretic Separate and syncretic
Expression of tense categories
Affixes Function words Auxiliary verbs and affixes Affixes and function words Auxiliary verbs, affixes and function words Tone alternations Auxiliary verb + participle and affixes Auxiliary verb + participle/infinitive and flections
Syncretic expression of several verb meanings
Absent Aspect and tense Tense and modality Person and number Person and tense Tense, aspect and modality Tense, person and number Person, number and gender/ aspect and tense Tense and negation Person, number, gender, aspect, tense, and modality Aspect, tense, person, and number Tense, aspect, and modality (mood) Tense, aspect, and polarity Tense, aspect, modality, and polarity Person, number, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) Person, number, tense, aspect, voice, and modality (mood) Person, number, gender, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) Gender and number Gender, person, and number Tense and modality, person and number
Marking of person in present tense verbs
Absent Only in singular In singular and plural Only third person singular In singular, dual and plural Only in plural
Transitivity marker
Absent Affix Function word Morphonological alternation Special type of agreement Change of conjugation type Affix and special type of agreement Morphonological alternation and change of conjugation type Affix and meaningful morphonological alternation Affix and change of conjugation type Change of conjugation type and reflexive pronoun

Pronominal words
Absent Pronominal adverbs Pronominal adjectives Pronominal nouns Pronouns-nouns Pronominal adverbs and adjectives Pronominal adverbs, adjectives and nouns Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives Pronouns-adjectives Pronouns-nouns, pronouns-adjectives, pronominal adverbs, and pronominal numerals
Expression of deictic categories
Demonstrative pronouns Postpositions Particles Demonstrative pronouns and particles Demonstrative pronouns and preverbs Demonstrative pronouns and prepositions Demonstrative pronouns and adverbs Demonstrative pronouns and articles Demonstrative pronouns and nominal affixes Demonstrative pronouns and postpositions Demonstrative pronouns and adpositions Demonstrative pronouns, postpositions and adverbs Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns, and numerals Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns, and prepositions Demonstrative pronouns, pronominal adverbs, and particles Demonstrative pronouns, prepositions, and particles Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns, pronominal adverbs, and particles Demonstrative pronouns, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, articles, and particles Demonstrative pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and particles Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, articles, and particles Demonstrative pronouns, pronominal adverbs, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, pronominal adverbs, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative pronouns, impersonal pronouns, and adverbs Demonstrative pronouns, impersonal pronoun, adverbs, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns, impersonal pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions Demonstrative pronouns and pronominal adverbs Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, pronominal adverbs, and articles Demonstrative pronouns, impersonal pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, and articles Demonstrative pronouns, impersonal pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, articles, and particles Demonstrative pronouns, adverbs, and articles
Function words expressing spatial orientation of action
Postpositions Prepositions Function nouns Particles Postpositions and function nouns Adpositions Adpositions and particles Preverbs and postpositions Preverbs Prepositions and particles
Content words expressing spatial orientation of action
Adverbs Pronouns Adjectives and adverbs Pronouns and adverbs Adjectives, pronouns, and adverbs
Morphological expression of (in)definiteness
Absent Noun affixes Definite/indefinite verb conjugation Special verb form Special case form Special form of class marker Different case affixes for definite and indefinite objects Different cases for definite and indefinite objects Definite/indefinite noun declension Different case affixes for definite and indefinite objects and special verb form Different case affixes for definite and indefinite objects and subjects, and definite/indefinite verb conjugation Noun affixes and definite/indefinite verb conjugation Suffixed definite article
Words expressing (in)definiteness
Articles Pronouns Postpositions Numerals Particles Postpositions and pronouns Articles and adjectives Pronouns and adjectives Articles and numerals Numerals and pronouns Adjectives and numerals Postpositions, pronouns and numerals Pronouns, adjectives and numerals Articles, pronouns and numerals Articles, adjectives, participles and numerals Articles, prepositions, pronouns and numerals Articles and pronouns Pronouns, numerals, and particles Articles, prepositions, and pronouns
Grammatical ways to express politeness
Pronouns distinguishing polite forms Agreement Pronouns distinguishing polite forms; Agreement
Expression of negation
Negative affixes Negative particles Negative verbs Negative pronouns and negative particles Negative particles and negative verbs Prohibitive and negative particles Negative particles and negative affixes Negative particles, negative verbs and caritive affixes Negative pronouns, negative adverbs and negative verbs Negative particles, negative pronouns and negative conjugation of verbs Negative and prohibitive affixes Negative particles and reduplication Negative particles, pronouns and adverbs Negative particles, affixes, and pronouns Negative affixes and predicatives Negative verbs and predicatives Negative affixes, verbs and predicatives Negative affixes, particles and predicatives Negative and prohibitive affixes, negative particles Negative copulae, verbs, negation adjectives Negative affixes, predicatives, particles and pronouns Negative particles, affixes, pronouns, adverbs, and verb Negative particles, pronouns, and verb Negative particles, affixes, pronouns, and adverbs Negative particles, pronouns, adverbs, and conjunctions Negative particles, affixes, pronouns, adverbs, and conjunctions Negative particles, affixes, pronouns, and conjunctions Negative particles, pronouns, adverbs, and negative form of infinitive Negative particles and conjunctions Negative adverbs and particles
Negation marker position
Incorporation Framing Preposition Postposition Incorporation and postposition Incorporation and preposition Framing and preposition Framing and postposition Preposition and postposition Incorporation, postpostion and preposition Framing, preposition and postposition

Personal pronouns inflection
Pronouns are not inflected Case affixes of pronouns are the same as noun case affixes Pronominal inflection type
Articles
No articles Only indefinite Only definite Definite and indefinite Definite, indefinite and partitive
Indefinite article and numeral 'one'
Same Different
Article place
Preposition Postposition Preposition and postposition
Position of article in noun phrase
Single article preceding the phrase Articles preceding each word
Grammar categories of article
Definiteness Definiteness and case Definiteness and number Definiteness and gender Definiteness, case and gender Definiteness, gender and number Case, gender and number Definiteness, case, gender and number
Number of conjugation types
Single type of conjugation Two types of conjugation Three types of conjugation Four types of conjugation Six types of conjugation Nine types of conjugation Ten types of conjugation
Verb agreement types
No verb agreement Subject Subject and object Subject and subject-object
Agreement categories expressed in participle
Absent Case Gender Number Gender and number Gender, number and case Number and case Gender, number and definiteness
Tense expressed by participle
Future Present Past Present and past Past and future Present-future and past Present-past and future Present, past and future Present-past, past and future Present, present-future, future and past
Adverb grammar categories
Absent Degrees of comparison
Agreement categories expressed in adjective
Absent Case Gender Number Gender and number Number and case Gender, number and case Gender, number and definiteness Gender, number and state Gender, number, case and definiteness Person and number Definiteness and case
Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective
Absent Number and case Gender and number Gender, number and case Agreement class, number and case Agreement class and state Gender and definiteness
Attribute agreement of adjectives
Always present Absent Only in preposition Optional Only in postposition
Attributive agreement types
No attributive agreement In number In case In gender In class In (in)humanness In person In (in)definiteness In state In (un)countability In number; In (in)definiteness In number; In case In number; In class In number; In gender In case; In (in)definiteness In number; In case; In class In number; In case; In gender In number; In case; In person In number; In gender; In (in)definiteness In number; In gender; In (un)countability In number; In gender; In state In number; In case; In gender; In (in)definiteness In number; In case; In gender; In (in)humanness In number; In case; In gender; In (in)humanness; In (in)definiteness
Inflectional categories of noun
Absent Case (In)definiteness Number Number and case (In)definiteness and number Number and state Case, possessivity and number (In)definiteness, number and state Possessivity, (in)definiteness, and number Number, case, and (in)definiteness Person, number, and case (In)definiteness, number and izafat
Cumulative expression of several categories in noun
Absent Person and number Number and case Number and gender / agreement class Case and person of possessor Gender / agreement class, number and case Person, number and case Gender / agreement class, number, case and definiteness Number and definiteness Definiteness and gender / agreement class
Inflection means
Affixes Internal flection and affixes Reduplication and affixes Stem truncation/augmentation and affixes Internal flection, stem truncation/augmentation and affixes Reduplication, internal flection and affixes Internal flection and tonal alternation Internal and external flection and affixes
Word form model
Prefixal-suffixal Mainly or only infixal Mainly or only prefixal Mainly or only suffixal

Word formation means
Compounding Derivation Derivation and reduplication Conversion and compounding Derivation and compounding Derivation and internal flection Derivation, compounding and abbreviation Derivation, conversion and reduplication Conversion, reduplication and compounding Derivation, reduplication and compounding Derivation, compounding, conversion and abbreviation Derivation, compounding, conversion and reduplication Ablaut, derivation, compounding and conversion Derivation, conversion, reduplication, compounding and abbreviation Derivation and conversion Derivation, compounding, conversion, and clipping Affixation, conversion, compounding, abbreviation, reduplication, and clipping Affixation, derivation, incorporation, reduplication, and analytic constructions
Derivation affixes
Prefixes Suffixes Prefixes and suffixes Infixes and suffixes Prefixes, suffixes and postfixes Infixes, prefixes and suffixes Circumfixes, prefixes and suffixes Prefixes, suffixes and transfixes Prefixes, infixes, suffixes, postfixes and transfixes Suffixes, prefixes, circumfixes and transfixes Prefixes, suffixes, and interfixes Prefixes, suffixes, postfixes, and interfixes Prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes Suffixes and circumfixes Prefixes, suffixes, suprafixes and interfixes Prefixes, suffixes, suprafixes, circumfixes and interfixes
Stems relations in stem compounding
Subordination Coordination Coordination and subordination Apposition and coordination Apposition and subordination Apposition, coordination and subordination Apposition

Morphosyntactic alignment
Active Direct Accusative Ergative Accusative with elements of ergativity Ergative with elements of accusative Nominative and ergative
Word order fixedness
Fixed Non-fixed Relatively free
Dominant word order
SVO SOV VSO VOS SVO/ SOV SVO/ VSO SVO/ OVS SOV/ VSO SOV/ OSV
Order of nouns and its modifier
Modifier precedes noun Modifier follows noun Not fixed Preposition or postposition
Pro-drop
Possible Impossible

Clauses order in compound sentence
Main clause precedes subordinate clause Subordinate clause precedes main clause Not fixed Main clause frames the subordinate clause
Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences
Special form of subject Special word order Special form of predicate
Dependent clause predicate
Finite forms Non-finite forms Both finite and non-finite forms possible
Compound sentence types
Subordination Compounding Subordination and compounding Subordination, compounding and clause chaining
Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton
Syndesis dominant Asyndeton dominant Both syndesis and asyndeton possible