Zemiaki language_dialect

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Volume 8. Dardic and Nuristani languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Nuristani

Geography

Main country: Afghanistan (show on the map)

Identifiers

Glottolog: zemi1238

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑15]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑15‑1]
[A‑17]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑20]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3]
[A‑21]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Only glottal [A‑21‑2]
[A‑22]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑22‑1]
[A‑23]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑23‑6]
[A‑24]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑24‑14]
[A‑25]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	Absent [A‑25‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑2]	Prosodic unit carrier	Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑4]	Stress type (quality characteristics)	Dynamic [B‑4‑1]
[B‑9]	Limited stress carriers	Ultima [B‑9‑4]
[B‑9]	Limited stress carriers	Penult [B‑9‑5]
[B‑9]	Limited stress carriers	Antepenult [B‑9‑6]

Syllable

[C‑2]

Syllable coda

Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑2]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position	No consonant clusters [D‑2‑7]
[D‑13]	Type of altenations	Mixed alternations [D‑13‑3]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Fusional-agglutinative [E‑1‑5]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic [E‑4‑5]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑9]	Expression of animacy/inanimacy	Lexical [F‑9‑1]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Predicative [G‑4‑2]
[G‑6]	Numeral system	Vigesimal [G‑6‑6]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	One-two [H‑1‑1]
[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Oblique [H‑4‑5]
[H‑8]	Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns	Same [H‑8‑1]
[H‑9]	Secondary cases	Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Non-past [I‑5‑5]
[I‑6]	Aspect and tense expression	Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑8]	Syncretic expression of several verb meanings	Person, number, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑17]
[I‑9]	Marking of person in present tense verbs	In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10]	Transitivity marker	Special type of agreement [I‑10‑5]

Deictic categories

[J‑1]	Pronominal words	Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11]
[J‑2]	Expression of deictic categories	Demonstrative pronouns [J‑2‑1]
[J‑3]	Function words expressing spatial orientation of action	Postpositions [J‑3‑2]
[J‑4]	Content words expressing spatial orientation of action	Pronouns [J‑4‑4]
[J‑8]	Expression of negation	Negative affixes [J‑8‑1]
[J‑9]	Negation marker position	Preposition [J‑9‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑2]	Articles	No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑8]	Verb agreement types	Subject and object [K‑8‑3]
[K‑12]	Agreement categories expressed in adjective	Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑16]	Inflectional categories of noun	Case [K‑16‑2]
[K‑17]	Cumulative expression of several categories in noun	Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑19]	Word form model	Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑2]

Derivation affixes

Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑1]

Morphosyntactic alignment

Nominative and ergative [M‑1‑10]

Complex sentence

[N‑3]	Dependent clause predicate	Finite forms [N‑3‑1]
[N‑4]	Compound sentence types	Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5]	Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton	Syndesis dominant [N‑5‑1]

Unfilled features