Waigali language

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Kalasha-ala

Open the encyclopedia PDF (in Russian)

Volume 8. Dardic and Nuristani languages
(The file will be loaded and then opened in a new window or tab on the relevant page)

Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Nuristani

Geography

Main country: Afghanistan (show on the map)

Identifiers

Glottolog: waig1243
ISO-639-3: wbk
WALS: wgl

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑15]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑15‑1]
[A‑17]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, palatal and velar/uvular [A‑17‑3]
[A‑18]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑20]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3]
[A‑22]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑22‑1]
[A‑23]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑23‑6]
[A‑24]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑24‑17]
[A‑25]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	Absent [A‑25‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

No filled features for this language.

Syllable

[C‑2]

Syllable coda

Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑9]

Types of differences between native and borrowed words

Differences in phonetic structure [D‑9‑1]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Fusional [E‑1‑3]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑3]	Syntactic expression of agreement classes	Adjectives and verbs [F‑3‑12]
[F‑5]	Attributive agreement in gender	Only in singular [F‑5‑2]
[F‑6]	Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender	Absent [F‑6‑1]
[F‑7]	Nouns classifying categories	Person/non-person [F‑7‑2]
[F‑8]	Opposition by person/non-person	Lexical and morphological [F‑8‑4]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Predicative [G‑4‑2]
[G‑5]	Form of a noun in numeral phrases	Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]
[G‑6]	Numeral system	Vigesimal [G‑6‑6]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	One-two [H‑1‑1]
[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑8]	Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns	Same [H‑8‑1]
[H‑9]	Secondary cases	Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑1]	Voice forms expression	Affixes [I‑1‑4]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Non-past [I‑5‑5]
[I‑6]	Aspect and tense expression	Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑8]	Syncretic expression of several verb meanings	Person, number, gender, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑19]
[I‑9]	Marking of person in present tense verbs	In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10]	Transitivity marker	Affix and special type of agreement [I‑10‑8]

Deictic categories

[J‑1]	Pronominal words	Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11]
[J‑3]	Function words expressing spatial orientation of action	Adpositions [J‑3‑9]
[J‑4]	Content words expressing spatial orientation of action	Pronouns [J‑4‑4]
[J‑8]	Expression of negation	Negative affixes [J‑8‑1]
[J‑9]	Negation marker position	Preposition [J‑9‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1]	Personal pronouns inflection	Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2]	Articles	No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑8]	Verb agreement types	Subject and object [K‑8‑3]
[K‑9]	Agreement categories expressed in participle	Gender [K‑9‑4]
[K‑10]	Tense expressed by participle	Present and past [K‑10‑6]
[K‑12]	Agreement categories expressed in adjective	Gender [K‑12‑5]
[K‑13]	Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective	Absent [K‑13‑1]
[K‑14]	Attribute agreement of adjectives	Always present [K‑14‑1]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑19]	Word form model	Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑2]

Derivation affixes

Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑1]	Morphosyntactic alignment	Nominative and ergative [M‑1‑10]
[M‑3]	Dominant word order	SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4]	Order of nouns and its modifier	Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence