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Tofa language

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Tofa, Karagas

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PDFVolume 2. Turkic languages
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Genealogy

Altaic → Turkic → Sayan Turkic

Geography

Main country: Russian Federation (show on the map)

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Four [A‑1‑3] PDF
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, close-mid, open-mid and open [A‑2‑5]
[A‑4] Degrees of vowel backness Front and back [A‑4‑2] PDF
[A‑5] Presence of length degrees Present [A‑5‑1] PDF
[A‑6] Number of length degrees Two [A‑6‑1] PDF
[A‑7] Presence of vowel opposition in labialization Present [A‑7‑1] PDF
[A‑8] Vowel opposition in labialization Present for front vowels [A‑8‑1] PDF
[A‑9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization Absent [A‑9‑2] PDF
[A‑13] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑13‑2] PDF
[A‑16] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3] PDF
[A‑17] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal [A‑17‑2] PDF
[A‑18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2] PDF
[A‑19] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental and alveolar [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3] PDF
[A‑21] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Only pharyngeal [A‑21‑1] PDF
[A‑22] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑22‑1] PDF

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑2] Prosodic unit carrier Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑5] Stress fixedness Fixed [B‑5‑2]
[B‑9] Limited stress carriers Ultima [B‑9‑4]

Syllable

No filled features for this language.

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑12] Functional type of alternations Accompanying [D‑12‑2]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Agglutinative [E‑1‑1]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Absent [F‑7‑1]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative [G‑4‑2]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular [G‑5‑1]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Eight-twelve [H‑1‑3]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Verbal agreement and case affixes [H‑2‑5]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Possessive affixes [H‑5‑3]

Verbal categories

[I‑1] Voice forms expression Affixes [I‑1‑4]
[I‑4] Voice forms coincidence Absent [I‑4‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Separate [I‑6‑1]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Absent [I‑10‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Different case affixes for definite and indefinite objects [J‑5‑9]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles and negative affixes [J‑8‑9]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Postposition [J‑9‑4]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑2] Articles No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Present, past and future [K‑10‑10]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types No attributive agreement [K‑15‑1]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Case, possessivity and number [K‑16‑11]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Person and number [K‑17‑2]
[K‑18] Inflection means Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Conversion, reduplication and compounding [L‑1‑18]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Suffixes [L‑2‑2]

Simple sentence

No filled features for this language.

Complex sentence

No filled features for this language.

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

Feature is not applicable to this language