Rutul language

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Volume 9. Caucasian languages
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Genealogy

Caucasian → Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic

Geography

Main country: Russian Federation (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Glottolog: rutu1240
Grambank: rutu1240
ISO-639-3: rut
PHOIBLE: rutu1240
WALS: rut

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1]	Number of degrees of vowel height	Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2]	Vowel height degrees	Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑4]	Degrees of vowel backness	Front, central and back [A‑4‑3]
[A‑5]	Presence of length degrees	Present [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6]	Number of length degrees	Two [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7]	Presence of vowel opposition in labialization	Present [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8]	Vowel opposition in labialization	Present for front vowels [A‑8‑1]
[A‑9]	Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization	Absent [A‑9‑2]
[A‑11]	Vowel opposition in pharyngealization	No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12]	Vowel opposition in ATR	No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑13‑1]
[A‑15]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Opposition by voice presence/absence, ejectives present [A‑15‑7]
[A‑16]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3]
[A‑17]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, velar/uvular and laryngeal [A‑17‑4]
[A‑18]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑19]	Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation	Dental and alveolar [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3]
[A‑21]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Both pharyngeal and glottal [A‑21‑3]
[A‑22]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	By labialization and pharyngealization [A‑22‑6]
[A‑24]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Coronal [A‑24‑1]
[A‑25]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	Absent [A‑25‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1]	Basic prosodic unit	Stress [B‑1‑1]
[B‑2]	Prosodic unit carrier	Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3]	Character of prosodic unit by its choice	Phonological [B‑3‑1]
[B‑5]	Stress fixedness	Fixed [B‑5‑2]
[B‑6]	Fixed stress types	Limited [B‑6‑2]
[B‑9]	Limited stress carriers	First syllable [B‑9‑1]
[B‑9]	Limited stress carriers	Second syllable [B‑9‑2]
[B‑16]	Target of vowel harmony	No vowel harmony [B‑16‑9]

Syllable

[C‑1]	Syllable onset	No null onset [C‑1‑1]
[C‑2]	Syllable coda	Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]
[C‑3]	Consonant clusters in syllable	Consonant clusters are only possible at the coda of syllable [C‑3‑3]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1]	Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position	Present [D‑1‑2]
[D‑2]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position	No consonant clusters [D‑2‑7]
[D‑3]	Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position	Present [D‑3‑2]
[D‑4]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position	Limitations on consonant sequences (combinations) [D‑4‑5]
[D‑6]	Differences between content and function words	Absent [D‑6‑1]
[D‑8]	Differences between native and borrowed words	Present [D‑8‑2]
[D‑9]	Types of differences between native and borrowed words	Differences in syllable structure [D‑9‑3]
[D‑10]	Differences between roots and affixes	Absent [D‑10‑1]
[D‑13]	Type of altenations	Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑13‑6]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]

Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word

Agglutinative [E‑1‑1]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	Four [F‑1‑4]
[F‑3]	Syntactic expression of agreement classes	Verbs [F‑3‑2]
[F‑5]	Attributive agreement in gender	Absent [F‑5‑1]
[F‑6]	Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender	Absent [F‑6‑1]
[F‑7]	Nouns classifying categories	Animacy/inanimacy [F‑7‑3]
[F‑9]	Expression of animacy/inanimacy	Syntactic [F‑9‑3]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Marked [G‑2‑1]
[G‑3]	Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs	Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Predicative [G‑4‑2]
[G‑6]	Numeral system	Vigesimal with elements of decimal [G‑6‑4]

Case meanings

[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑8]	Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns	Same [H‑8‑1]
[H‑9]	Secondary cases	Present [H‑9‑1]

Verbal categories

[I‑1]	Voice forms expression	Category of voice is absent [I‑1‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6]	Aspect and tense expression	Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑7]	Expression of tense categories	Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑8]	Syncretic expression of several verb meanings	Aspect and tense [I‑8‑2]
[I‑9]	Marking of person in present tense verbs	Absent [I‑9‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑8]	Expression of negation	Negative affixes [J‑8‑1]
[J‑9]	Negation marker position	Preposition and postposition [J‑9‑9]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑2]	Articles	No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7]	Number of conjugation types	Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8]	Verb agreement types	Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑12]	Agreement categories expressed in adjective	Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑13]	Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective	Absent [K‑13‑1]
[K‑14]	Attribute agreement of adjectives	Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	No attributive agreement [K‑15‑1]
[K‑16]	Inflectional categories of noun	Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17]	Cumulative expression of several categories in noun	Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑18]	Inflection means	Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19]	Word form model	Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1]	Word formation means	Derivation, reduplication and compounding [L‑1‑19]
[L‑2]	Derivation affixes	Suffixes [L‑2‑2]

Simple sentence

[M‑1]

Morphosyntactic alignment

Ergative [M‑1‑5]

Complex sentence

No filled features for this language.

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

[A-3] Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees
[A-23] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation
[A-26] Inventory of fricatives by place of articulation
[B-4] Stress type (quality characteristics)
[B-7] Stress pattern in inflection
[B-15] Length character
[B-19] Other suprasegmental phenomena
[B-20] Types of phonation
[D-5] Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words
[D-12] Functional type of alternations
[E-2] Fusional type features
[E-3] Agglutinative type features
[E-4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion
[F-2] Morphological expression of agreement classes
[F-4] Other means of expressing agreement classes
[F-8] Opposition by person/non-person
[G-5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases
[H-1] Number of noun cases
[H-2] Subject and object marking
[H-3] Case of nominal predicate
[H-5] Other means of expressing possessive relations
[H-6] Means of expressing spatial relations
[H-7] Dependent nouns in possessive constructions
[I-10] Transitivity marker
[J-1] Pronominal words
[J-2] Expression of deictic categories
[J-3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness
[J-6] Words expressing (in)definiteness
[K-6] Grammar categories of article
[K-9] Agreement categories expressed in participle
[K-10] Tense expressed by participle
[K-11] Adverb grammar categories
[L-3] Stems relations in stem compounding
[M-2] Word order fixedness
[M-3] Dominant word order
[M-4] Order of nouns and its modifier
[M-5] Pro-drop
[N-1] Clauses order in compound sentence
[N-2] Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences
[N-3] Dependent clause predicate
[N-4] Compound sentence types
[N-5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton

Feature is not applicable to this language

[A-10] Vowel opposition in nasalization
[A-14] Types of diphthongs
[B-8] Strictly fixed stress type (by position in a word)
[B-10] Tonema types
[B-11] Number of level tones
[B-12] Level tone types
[B-13] Number of contour tone levels
[B-14] Contour tonema types
[B-17] Feature of vowel harmony
[B-18] Trigger of vowel harmony
[D-7] Types of differences between content and function words
[D-11] Types of differences between roots and affixes
[I-2] Voice stacking in the same verb form
[I-3] Double voice forms
[I-4] Voice forms coincidence
[J-7] Grammatical ways to express politeness
[K-3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one'
[K-4] Article place
[K-5] Position of article in noun phrase