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Parthian language †

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Arsacid Pahlavi, Pahlawānīg

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PDFVolume 6. Iranian languages. II. North-Western Iranian languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Northwestern Iranian

Geography

Main country: Iraq (show on the map)

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑5] Presence of length degrees Present [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6] Number of length degrees Two [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7] Presence of vowel opposition in labialization Absent [A‑7‑2]
[A‑9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization Absent [A‑9‑2]
[A‑13] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14] Types of diphthongs Falling (descending) [A‑14‑2]
[A‑15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑15‑1]
[A‑18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑22] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents By labialization [A‑22‑2]
[A‑23] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑23‑6]
[A‑24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑24‑14]
[A‑25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants By vocalization [A‑25‑2]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑2] Prosodic unit carrier Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Character of prosodic unit by its choice Non-phonological [B‑3‑2]
[B‑4] Stress type (quality characteristics) Dynamic [B‑4‑1]
[B‑5] Stress fixedness Fixed [B‑5‑2]
[B‑9] Limited stress carriers Ultima [B‑9‑4]
[B‑15] Length character Phonological [B‑15‑1]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Most syllables have a non-null onset [C‑1‑2]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

No filled features for this language.

Morphological type of language

[E‑3] Agglutinative type features One flection can only express one meaning [E‑3‑1]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Analytic with elements of synthetism [E‑4‑3]

Nominal classifications

[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Person/non-person [F‑7‑2]
[F‑8] Opposition by person/non-person Syntactic [F‑8‑3]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]
[G‑6] Numeral system Decimal [G‑6‑1]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases No case [H‑1‑6]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Adpositions [H‑6‑12]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Same [H‑8‑1]

Verbal categories

[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Affixes [I‑7‑1]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Special type of agreement [I‑10‑5]

Deictic categories

[J‑1] Pronominal words Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11]
[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Adpositions [J‑3‑9]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Pronouns [J‑4‑4]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Articles, pronouns and numerals [J‑6‑21]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles [J‑8‑3]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Incorporation and preposition [J‑9‑6]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Articles Definite and indefinite [K‑2‑4]
[K‑3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one' Same [K‑3‑1]
[K‑4] Article place Preposition [K‑4‑1]
[K‑6] Grammar categories of article Definiteness and number [K‑6‑5]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Two types of conjugation [K‑7‑2]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject and object [K‑8‑3]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Absent [K‑9‑1]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Past [K‑10‑4]
[K‑11] Adverb grammar categories Absent [K‑11‑1]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Number [K‑12‑6]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun (In)definiteness and number [K‑16‑8]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only infixal [K‑19‑2]

Word formation

[L‑2] Derivation affixes Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Accusative with elements of ergativity [M‑1‑7]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Not fixed [M‑4‑3]

Complex sentence

[N‑3] Dependent clause predicate Finite forms [N‑3‑1]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Syndesis dominant [N‑5‑1]

Unfilled features

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