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Malayalam language

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PDFVolume 19. Dravidian languages
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Genealogy

Dravidian → Southern Dravidian

Geography

Main country: India (show on the map)

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑4] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑4‑3]
[A‑5] Presence of length degrees Present [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6] Number of length degrees Two [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7] Presence of vowel opposition in labialization Absent [A‑7‑2]
[A‑9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization Absent [A‑9‑2]
[A‑13] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14] Types of diphthongs Falling (descending) [A‑14‑2]
[A‑15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by voice presence/absence and by aspiration [A‑15‑6]
[A‑16] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives and fricatives [A‑16‑1]
[A‑17] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Only bilabial [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental, alveolar, and retroflex [A‑19‑20]
[A‑20] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar [A‑20‑1]
[A‑21] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Only pharyngeal [A‑21‑1]
[A‑22] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑22‑1]
[A‑24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑24‑17]
[A‑25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑25‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑2] Prosodic unit carrier Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Character of prosodic unit by its choice Non-phonological [B‑3‑2]
[B‑4] Stress type (quality characteristics) Dynamic [B‑4‑1]
[B‑5] Stress fixedness Fixed [B‑5‑2]
[B‑9] Limited stress carriers First syllable [B‑9‑1]
[B‑15] Length character Phonological [B‑15‑1]
[B‑16] Target of vowel harmony Phoneme [B‑16‑1]
[B‑17] Feature of vowel harmony Backness [B‑17‑2]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑4]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position Limited set of vowels [D‑2‑3]
[D‑2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position Limited set of consonants possible [D‑2‑4]
[D‑2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position No consonant clusters [D‑2‑7]
[D‑4] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position Limited set of consonants possible [D‑4‑4]
[D‑9] Types of differences between native and borrowed words Differences in phonetic structure [D‑9‑1]
[D‑9] Types of differences between native and borrowed words Differences in syllable structure [D‑9‑3]
[D‑12] Functional type of alternations Accompanying [D‑12‑2]
[D‑13] Type of altenations Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑13‑6]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Agglutinative [E‑1‑1]
[E‑3] Agglutinative type features One flection can only express one meaning, single inflection/conjugation type, no phonetic alternations in morphemes [E‑3‑5]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic [E‑4‑5]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes Three [F‑1‑3]
[F‑6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender Absent [F‑6‑1]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Person/non-person and animacy/inanimacy [F‑7‑4]
[F‑8] Opposition by person/non-person Lexical and morphological [F‑8‑4]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Lexical and morphological [F‑9‑6]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Marked and unmarked [G‑2‑3]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Neutral and polite [G‑3‑2]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative [G‑4‑2]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]
[G‑6] Numeral system Decimal [G‑6‑1]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Eight-twelve [H‑1‑3]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Verbal agreement and case affixes [H‑2‑5]
[H‑3] Case of nominal predicate Nominative [H‑3‑4]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Possessive pronouns [H‑5‑4]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Different [H‑8‑2]
[H‑9] Secondary cases Present [H‑9‑1]

Verbal categories

[I‑1] Voice forms expression Auxiliary verb and affixes [I‑1‑6]
[I‑2] Voice stacking in the same verb form Absent [I‑2‑2]
[I‑4] Voice forms coincidence Absent [I‑4‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Separate [I‑6‑1]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs Absent [I‑9‑1]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Absent [I‑10‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑1] Pronominal words Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑7] Grammatical ways to express politeness Pronouns distinguishing polite forms [J‑7‑1]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Postposition [J‑9‑4]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Case affixes of pronouns are the same as noun case affixes [K‑1‑2]
[K‑2] Articles No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Two types of conjugation [K‑7‑2]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types No verb agreement [K‑8‑1]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Absent [K‑9‑1]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Present, past and future [K‑10‑10]
[K‑11] Adverb grammar categories Absent [K‑11‑1]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑18] Inflection means Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation, reduplication and compounding [L‑1‑19]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Suffixes [L‑2‑2]
[L‑3] Stems relations in stem compounding Apposition and coordination [L‑3‑4]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑2] Word order fixedness Fixed [M‑2‑1]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑1] Clauses order in compound sentence Subordinate clause precedes main clause [N‑1‑2]
[N‑3] Dependent clause predicate Non-finite forms [N‑3‑2]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination [N‑4‑2]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Asyndeton dominant [N‑5‑2]

Unfilled features

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