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Lydian language †

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PDFVolume 20. Relict Indo-European languages of the West and Central Asia
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Anatolian

Geography

Main country: Turkey (show on the map)

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑4] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑4‑3]
[A‑5] Presence of length degrees Present [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6] Number of length degrees Two [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7] Presence of vowel opposition in labialization Present [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8] Vowel opposition in labialization Present for front, central and back vowels [A‑8‑7]
[A‑9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization Present [A‑9‑1]
[A‑10] Vowel opposition in nasalization Present for front and central vowels [A‑10‑4]
[A‑11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12] Vowel opposition in ATR No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑13‑2]
[A‑15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by voice presence/absence and strain [A‑15‑14]
[A‑16] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3]
[A‑17] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, palatal and velar/uvular [A‑17‑3]
[A‑18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Only bilabial [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental-alveolar [A‑19‑23]
[A‑20] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar [A‑20‑1]
[A‑23] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Approximant, nasal, vibrant and lateral [A‑23‑8]
[A‑24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑24‑14]
[A‑25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants By intensity [A‑25‑5]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑2] Prosodic unit carrier Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Character of prosodic unit by its choice Phonological [B‑3‑1]
[B‑5] Stress fixedness Flexible [B‑5‑1]
[B‑19] Other suprasegmental phenomena Palatalization and nasalization [B‑19‑7]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑4]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑5] Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words Mainly polysyllabic words [D‑5‑4]
[D‑13] Type of altenations Vowel, consonant and mixed alternations [D‑13‑8]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional [E‑1‑3]
[E‑2] Fusional type features Cumulative affixes, several conjugation types, phonetically unconditioned stem alternations [E‑2‑6]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic [E‑4‑5]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes Three [F‑1‑3]
[F‑2] Morphological expression of agreement classes Verbal affixes [F‑2‑3]
[F‑3] Syntactic expression of agreement classes Adjectives, verbs, and numerals [F‑3‑10]
[F‑5] Attributive agreement in gender In singular and in plural [F‑5‑3]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Animacy/inanimacy [F‑7‑3]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Lexical and morphological [F‑9‑6]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Marked [G‑2‑1]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Verbal agreement and case affixes [H‑2‑5]
[H‑3] Case of nominal predicate Nominative [H‑3‑4]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Adpositions [H‑5‑5]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Preverbs [H‑6‑2]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Different [H‑8‑2]
[H‑9] Secondary cases Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑1] Voice forms expression Affixes [I‑1‑4]
[I‑4] Voice forms coincidence Middle and passive [I‑4‑3]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Non-past [I‑5‑5]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Affixes [I‑7‑1]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Tense, person and number [I‑8‑8]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]

Deictic categories

[J‑1] Pronominal words Pronominal adverbs, adjectives and nouns [J‑1‑10]
[J‑2] Expression of deictic categories Demonstrative pronouns and preverbs [J‑2‑9]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Pronouns [J‑4‑4]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles and negative affixes [J‑8‑9]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition [J‑9‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Articles No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Gender, number and case [K‑12‑10]
[K‑13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective Gender, number and case [K‑13‑7]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Always present [K‑14‑1]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In case [K‑15‑3]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Gender / agreement class, number and case [K‑17‑11]
[K‑18] Inflection means Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19] Word form model Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation [L‑1‑6]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑2] Word order fixedness Fixed [M‑2‑1]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier follows noun [M‑4‑2]

Complex sentence

No filled features for this language.

Unfilled features

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