Laz language

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Volume 9. Caucasian languages
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Genealogy

Caucasian → Kartvelian → South Kartvelian

Geography

Main country: Georgia (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Kartvelian and North Caucasian languages

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Glottolog: lazz1240
Grambank: lazz1240
ISO-639-3: lzz
PHOIBLE: lazz1240, lazz1240, lazz1240, lazz1240, lazz1240, lazz1240, lazz1240, lazz1240, lazz1240, lazz1240, lazz1240, lazz1240, lazz1240, lazz1240, lazz1240, lazz1240
WALS: laz

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1]	Number of degrees of vowel height	Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2]	Vowel height degrees	Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑4]	Degrees of vowel backness	Front, central and back [A‑4‑3]
[A‑5]	Presence of length degrees	Absent [A‑5‑2]
[A‑7]	Presence of vowel opposition in labialization	Present [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8]	Vowel opposition in labialization	Present for back vowels [A‑8‑3]
[A‑9]	Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization	Absent [A‑9‑2]
[A‑11]	Vowel opposition in pharyngealization	No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12]	Vowel opposition in ATR	No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑13‑1]
[A‑15]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Ejective consonants present [A‑15‑8]
[A‑16]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3]
[A‑17]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑20]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3]
[A‑21]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Only glottal [A‑21‑2]
[A‑22]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑22‑1]
[A‑24]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑24‑14]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1]	Basic prosodic unit	Stress [B‑1‑1]
[B‑2]	Prosodic unit carrier	Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3]	Character of prosodic unit by its choice	Non-phonological [B‑3‑2]
[B‑4]	Stress type (quality characteristics)	Dynamic [B‑4‑1]
[B‑5]	Stress fixedness	Fixed [B‑5‑2]
[B‑6]	Fixed stress types	Limited [B‑6‑2]
[B‑7]	Stress pattern in inflection	Flexible [B‑7‑1]
[B‑9]	Limited stress carriers	Penult [B‑9‑5]
[B‑9]	Limited stress carriers	Antepenult [B‑9‑6]

Syllable

[C‑1]	Syllable onset	Most syllables have a non-null onset [C‑1‑2]
[C‑2]	Syllable coda	Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]
[C‑3]	Consonant clusters in syllable	Consonant clusters are possible at both the onset and the coda of syllable [C‑3‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

No filled features for this language.

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Agglutinative with some fusional features [E‑1‑2]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic [E‑4‑5]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑7]	Nouns classifying categories	Absent [F‑7‑1]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Unmarked [G‑2‑2]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Genitive [H‑4‑1]

Verbal categories

No filled features for this language.

Deictic categories

No filled features for this language.

Parts of speech and inflection

No filled features for this language.

Word formation

No filled features for this language.

Simple sentence

[M‑1]	Morphosyntactic alignment	Accusative with elements of ergativity [M‑1‑7]
[M‑2]	Word order fixedness	Fixed [M‑2‑1]
[M‑3]	Dominant word order	SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4]	Order of nouns and its modifier	Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑4]	Compound sentence types	Subordination, compounding and clause chaining [N‑4‑5]
[N‑5]	Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton	Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

[A-3] Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees
[A-19] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation
[A-23] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation
[A-25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants
[A-26] Inventory of fricatives by place of articulation
[B-15] Length character
[B-16] Target of vowel harmony
[B-17] Feature of vowel harmony
[B-18] Trigger of vowel harmony
[B-19] Other suprasegmental phenomena
[B-20] Types of phonation
[D-1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
[D-2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
[D-3] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position
[D-4] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position
[D-5] Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words
[D-6] Differences between content and function words
[D-7] Types of differences between content and function words
[D-8] Differences between native and borrowed words
[D-9] Types of differences between native and borrowed words
[D-10] Differences between roots and affixes
[D-11] Types of differences between roots and affixes
[D-12] Functional type of alternations
[D-13] Type of altenations
[E-2] Fusional type features
[E-3] Agglutinative type features
[F-5] Attributive agreement in gender
[F-6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender
[F-8] Opposition by person/non-person
[F-9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy
[G-3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs
[G-4] Agreement in number
[G-5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases
[G-6] Numeral system
[H-2] Subject and object marking
[H-3] Case of nominal predicate
[H-5] Other means of expressing possessive relations
[H-6] Means of expressing spatial relations
[H-7] Dependent nouns in possessive constructions
[H-8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns
[H-9] Secondary cases
[I-1] Voice forms expression
[I-2] Voice stacking in the same verb form
[I-3] Double voice forms
[I-4] Voice forms coincidence
[I-5] Tense forms
[I-6] Aspect and tense expression
[I-7] Expression of tense categories
[I-8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings
[I-9] Marking of person in present tense verbs
[I-10] Transitivity marker
[J-1] Pronominal words
[J-2] Expression of deictic categories
[J-3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness
[J-6] Words expressing (in)definiteness
[J-7] Grammatical ways to express politeness
[J-8] Expression of negation
[J-9] Negation marker position
[K-1] Personal pronouns inflection
[K-2] Articles
[K-4] Article place
[K-5] Position of article in noun phrase
[K-6] Grammar categories of article
[K-7] Number of conjugation types
[K-8] Verb agreement types
[K-9] Agreement categories expressed in participle
[K-10] Tense expressed by participle
[K-11] Adverb grammar categories
[K-12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective
[K-13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective
[K-14] Attribute agreement of adjectives
[K-15] Attributive agreement types
[K-16] Inflectional categories of noun
[K-17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun
[K-18] Inflection means
[K-19] Word form model
[L-1] Word formation means
[L-2] Derivation affixes
[L-3] Stems relations in stem compounding
[M-5] Pro-drop
[N-1] Clauses order in compound sentence
[N-2] Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences
[N-3] Dependent clause predicate

Feature is not applicable to this language

[A-6] Number of length degrees
[A-10] Vowel opposition in nasalization
[A-14] Types of diphthongs
[B-8] Strictly fixed stress type (by position in a word)
[B-10] Tonema types
[B-11] Number of level tones
[B-12] Level tone types
[B-13] Number of contour tone levels
[B-14] Contour tonema types
[F-2] Morphological expression of agreement classes
[F-3] Syntactic expression of agreement classes
[F-4] Other means of expressing agreement classes
[K-3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one'