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Lak language

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PDFVolume 9. Caucasian languages
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Genealogy

Caucasian → Northeast Caucasian

Geography

Main country: Russian Federation (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑5] Presence of length degrees Absent [A‑5‑2] PDF
[A‑7] Presence of vowel opposition in labialization Absent [A‑7‑2] PDF
[A‑9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization Absent [A‑9‑2] PDF
[A‑11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization Present for front, central and back vowels [A‑11‑8]
[A‑12] Vowel opposition in ATR No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑13‑2] PDF
[A‑14] Types of diphthongs Falling (descending) [A‑14‑2] PDF
[A‑15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Ejectives present [A‑15‑3]
[A‑16] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3] PDF
[A‑17] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal [A‑17‑2] PDF
[A‑18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2] PDF
[A‑20] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3] PDF
[A‑21] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Both pharyngeal and glottal [A‑21‑3] PDF
[A‑22] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents By labialization [A‑22‑2] PDF
[A‑24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑24‑14]
[A‑25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑25‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑2] Prosodic unit carrier Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑4] Stress type (quality characteristics) Dynamic [B‑4‑1]
[B‑16] Target of vowel harmony No vowel harmony [B‑16‑9]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑4] PDF
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4] PDF
[C‑3] Consonant clusters in syllable Consonant clusters are only possible at the coda of syllable [C‑3‑3] PDF

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position Present [D‑1‑2] PDF
[D‑2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position No consonant clusters [D‑2‑7] PDF
[D‑3] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position Present [D‑3‑2] PDF
[D‑4] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position Limitations on consonant sequences (combinations) [D‑4‑5] PDF
[D‑6] Differences between content and function words Absent [D‑6‑1] PDF
[D‑8] Differences between native and borrowed words Absent [D‑8‑1] PDF
[D‑10] Differences between roots and affixes Absent [D‑10‑1] PDF
[D‑13] Type of altenations Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑13‑6]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional-agglutinative [E‑1‑5]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes Six [F‑1‑5]
[F‑5] Attributive agreement in gender In singular and in plural [F‑5‑3] PDF

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1] PDF
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2] PDF
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1] PDF
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4] PDF
[G‑6] Numeral system Decimal [G‑6‑1] PDF

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Over twenty [H‑1‑5]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Verbal agreement and case affixes [H‑2‑5]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive [H‑4‑1] PDF
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Noun affixes and postpositions [H‑6‑11]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Same [H‑8‑1] PDF
[H‑9] Secondary cases Present [H‑9‑1] PDF

Verbal categories

[I‑1] Voice forms expression Category of voice is absent [I‑1‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Separate [I‑6‑1]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]

Deictic categories

[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative and prohibitive affixes [J‑8‑13]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition [J‑9‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑2] Articles No articles [K‑2‑1] PDF
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject and object [K‑8‑3]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In class [K‑15‑5]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Ergative [M‑1‑5]
[M‑2] Word order fixedness Non-fixed [M‑2‑2]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]

Complex sentence

[N‑1] Clauses order in compound sentence Subordinate clause precedes main clause [N‑1‑2]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features

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