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Kurdish language

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PDFVolume 6. Iranian languages. II. North-Western Iranian languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Iranian → Northwestern Iranian

Geography

Main country: Iraq (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑5] Presence of length degrees Absent [A‑5‑2]
[A‑9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization Absent [A‑9‑2]
[A‑15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑15‑1]
[A‑18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑20] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Uvular [A‑20‑2]
[A‑21] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Only pharyngeal [A‑21‑1]
[A‑23] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid and vibrant [A‑23‑2]
[A‑24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial and coronal [A‑24‑7]
[A‑25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants By aspiration [A‑25‑19]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑2] Prosodic unit carrier Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Character of prosodic unit by its choice Phonological and non-phonological [B‑3‑3]
[B‑4] Stress type (quality characteristics) Dynamic [B‑4‑1]
[B‑5] Stress fixedness Fixed [B‑5‑2]
[B‑9] Limited stress carriers First syllable [B‑9‑1]
[B‑9] Limited stress carriers Ultima [B‑9‑4]
[B‑15] Length character Non-phonological [B‑15‑2]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑4]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position Limited set of consonants possible [D‑2‑4]
[D‑2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position No consonant clusters [D‑2‑7]
[D‑4] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position No consonant clusters [D‑4‑7]
[D‑12] Functional type of alternations Accompanying and distinctive [D‑12‑4]
[D‑13] Type of altenations Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑13‑6]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional [E‑1‑3]
[E‑2] Fusional type features Internal flection and cumulative flections [E‑2‑10]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑5] Attributive agreement in gender In singular and in plural [F‑5‑3]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Verbal agreement and case affixes [H‑2‑5]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Oblique [H‑4‑5]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Adpositional constructions [H‑6‑7]

Verbal categories

[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑5] Tense forms Non-future [I‑5‑4]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Person, number, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑17]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs Only in singular [I‑9‑2]

Deictic categories

[J‑1] Pronominal words Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11]
[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Prepositions [J‑3‑3]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Pronouns [J‑4‑4]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Articles [J‑6‑1]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles [J‑8‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Articles Definite and indefinite [K‑2‑4]
[K‑4] Article place Preposition and postposition [K‑4‑3]
[K‑6] Grammar categories of article Definiteness, case, gender and number [K‑6‑11]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Past [K‑10‑4]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Gender / agreement class, number, case and definiteness [K‑17‑14]
[K‑19] Word form model Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation, reduplication and compounding [L‑1‑19]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑2] Word order fixedness Fixed [M‑2‑1]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SVO [M‑3‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination, compounding and clause chaining [N‑4‑5]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features

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