Konkani language

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Konkni, Canarim

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Volume 17. New Indo-Aryan languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Indo-Aryan → Southwestern Indo-Aryan

Geography

Main country: India (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

New Indo-Aryan languages in South Asia

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Glottolog: goan1235
ISO-639-3: knn
WALS: kkn

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1]	Number of degrees of vowel height	Four [A‑1‑3]
[A‑2]	Vowel height degrees	Close, mid-close, mid-open, and open [A‑2‑6]
[A‑3]	Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees	Mid [A‑3‑2]
[A‑4]	Degrees of vowel backness	Front, central and back [A‑4‑3]
[A‑5]	Presence of length degrees	Present [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6]	Number of length degrees	Two [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7]	Presence of vowel opposition in labialization	Absent [A‑7‑2]
[A‑9]	Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization	Present [A‑9‑1]
[A‑10]	Vowel opposition in nasalization	Present for front, central and back vowels [A‑10‑7]
[A‑11]	Vowel opposition in pharyngealization	No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12]	Vowel opposition in ATR	No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	Only diphthongs present [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14]	Types of diphthongs	Falling (descending) [A‑14‑2]
[A‑15]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Opposition by voice presence/absence and by aspiration [A‑15‑6]
[A‑16]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3]
[A‑17]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Only bilabial [A‑18‑1]
[A‑20]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar [A‑20‑1]
[A‑21]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Only glottal [A‑21‑2]
[A‑22]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	By palatalization [A‑22‑3]
[A‑23]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑23‑6]
[A‑24]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑24‑17]
[A‑25]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	By aspiration [A‑25‑19]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑2]	Prosodic unit carrier	Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3]	Character of prosodic unit by its choice	Non-phonological [B‑3‑2]
[B‑5]	Stress fixedness	Fixed [B‑5‑2]
[B‑17]	Feature of vowel harmony	Height [B‑17‑3]
[B‑18]	Trigger of vowel harmony	Vowel of next syllable [B‑18‑12]

Syllable

[C‑1]	Syllable onset	Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑4]
[C‑2]	Syllable coda	Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑2]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position	No consonant clusters [D‑2‑7]
[D‑4]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position	Limitations on consonant sequences (combinations) [D‑4‑5]
[D‑12]	Functional type of alternations	Accompanying and distinctive [D‑12‑4]
[D‑13]	Type of altenations	Vowel and consonant alternations [D‑13‑6]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Agglutinative with some fusional features [E‑1‑2]
[E‑2]	Fusional type features	Cumulative affixes [E‑2‑2]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	Three [F‑1‑3]
[F‑2]	Morphological expression of agreement classes	Nominal flections [F‑2‑7]
[F‑3]	Syntactic expression of agreement classes	Adjectives [F‑3‑6]
[F‑5]	Attributive agreement in gender	In singular and in plural [F‑5‑3]
[F‑7]	Nouns classifying categories	Absent [F‑7‑1]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Marked and unmarked [G‑2‑3]
[G‑3]	Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs	Neutral and polite [G‑3‑2]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Attributive [G‑4‑3]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑2]	Subject and object marking	Verbal agreement and case affixes [H‑2‑5]
[H‑3]	Case of nominal predicate	Nominative [H‑3‑4]
[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑6]	Means of expressing spatial relations	Noun affixes and postpositions [H‑6‑11]
[H‑8]	Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns	Same [H‑8‑1]
[H‑9]	Secondary cases	Present [H‑9‑1]

Verbal categories

[I‑1]	Voice forms expression	Affixes [I‑1‑4]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6]	Aspect and tense expression	Separate [I‑6‑1]
[I‑7]	Expression of tense categories	Affixes [I‑7‑1]
[I‑9]	Marking of person in present tense verbs	In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10]	Transitivity marker	Absent [I‑10‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑1]	Pronominal words	Pronominal adjectives [J‑1‑5]
[J‑2]	Expression of deictic categories	Demonstrative pronouns [J‑2‑1]
[J‑4]	Content words expressing spatial orientation of action	Pronouns [J‑4‑4]
[J‑5]	Morphological expression of (in)definiteness	Special case form [J‑5‑5]
[J‑6]	Words expressing (in)definiteness	Pronouns [J‑6‑2]
[J‑7]	Grammatical ways to express politeness	Pronouns distinguishing polite forms [J‑7‑1]
[J‑8]	Expression of negation	Negative verbs [J‑8‑4]
[J‑9]	Negation marker position	Postposition [J‑9‑4]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1]	Personal pronouns inflection	Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2]	Articles	No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑3]	Indefinite article and numeral 'one'	Same [K‑3‑1]
[K‑7]	Number of conjugation types	Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8]	Verb agreement types	Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑9]	Agreement categories expressed in participle	Gender, number and case [K‑9‑7]
[K‑12]	Agreement categories expressed in adjective	Gender, number and case [K‑12‑10]
[K‑13]	Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective	Gender, number and case [K‑13‑7]
[K‑14]	Attribute agreement of adjectives	Optional [K‑14‑4]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In case [K‑15‑3]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑16]	Inflectional categories of noun	Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17]	Cumulative expression of several categories in noun	Gender / agreement class, number and case [K‑17‑11]
[K‑19]	Word form model	Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1]	Word formation means	Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12]
[L‑2]	Derivation affixes	Suffixes [L‑2‑2]

Simple sentence

[M‑1]	Morphosyntactic alignment	Nominative and ergative [M‑1‑10]
[M‑2]	Word order fixedness	Relatively free [M‑2‑3]
[M‑3]	Dominant word order	SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4]	Order of nouns and its modifier	Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑1]	Clauses order in compound sentence	Subordinate clause precedes main clause [N‑1‑2]
[N‑3]	Dependent clause predicate	Both finite and non-finite forms possible [N‑3‑3]
[N‑4]	Compound sentence types	Subordination, compounding and clause chaining [N‑4‑5]
[N‑5]	Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton	Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features