Kalmyk language

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Volume 3. Mongolian languages. Tungus languages. The Japanese language. The Korean language
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Genealogy

Altaic → Mongolic

Geography

Main country: Russian Federation (show on the map)

Identifiers

Glottolog: kalm1244
WALS: kmk

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1]	Number of degrees of vowel height	Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2]	Vowel height degrees	Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑4]	Degrees of vowel backness	Front, central and back [A‑4‑3]
[A‑5]	Presence of length degrees	Present [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6]	Number of length degrees	Two [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7]	Presence of vowel opposition in labialization	Present [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8]	Vowel opposition in labialization	Present for front vowels [A‑8‑1]
[A‑9]	Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization	Absent [A‑9‑2]
[A‑11]	Vowel opposition in pharyngealization	No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12]	Vowel opposition in ATR	No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑13‑1]
[A‑15]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑15‑1]
[A‑16]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3]
[A‑17]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, palatal and velar/uvular [A‑17‑3]
[A‑18]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑19]	Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation	Alveolar [A‑19‑3]
[A‑20]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar [A‑20‑1]
[A‑22]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	By palatalization [A‑22‑3]
[A‑23]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid and vibrant [A‑23‑2]
[A‑24]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal and guttural [A‑24‑16]
[A‑25]	Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants	Absent [A‑25‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1]	Basic prosodic unit	Stress [B‑1‑1]
[B‑2]	Prosodic unit carrier	Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3]	Character of prosodic unit by its choice	Phonological and non-phonological [B‑3‑3]
[B‑4]	Stress type (quality characteristics)	Dynamic [B‑4‑1]
[B‑5]	Stress fixedness	Flexible [B‑5‑1]
[B‑7]	Stress pattern in inflection	Flexible [B‑7‑1]
[B‑16]	Target of vowel harmony	All vowels [B‑16‑6]
[B‑17]	Feature of vowel harmony	Backness [B‑17‑2]
[B‑18]	Trigger of vowel harmony	First vowel of word [B‑18‑1]

Syllable

No filled features for this language.

Phonologic structure and phenomena

No filled features for this language.

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Agglutinative with some fusional features [E‑1‑2]
[E‑2]	Fusional type features	Internal flection, phonetically unconditioned fusion [E‑2‑8]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑7]	Nouns classifying categories	Absent [F‑7‑1]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3]	Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs	Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Predicative [G‑4‑2]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	Eight-twelve [H‑1‑3]
[H‑5]	Other means of expressing possessive relations	Possessive particles and reflexive pronouns [H‑5‑12]
[H‑8]	Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns	Same [H‑8‑1]
[H‑9]	Secondary cases	Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑1]	Voice forms expression	Affixes [I‑1‑4]
[I‑2]	Voice stacking in the same verb form	Present [I‑2‑1]
[I‑3]	Double voice forms	Passive and causative [I‑3‑1]
[I‑4]	Voice forms coincidence	Absent [I‑4‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6]	Aspect and tense expression	Separate [I‑6‑1]
[I‑7]	Expression of tense categories	Affixes [I‑7‑1]
[I‑8]	Syncretic expression of several verb meanings	Absent [I‑8‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑1]	Pronominal words	Absent [J‑1‑1]
[J‑3]	Function words expressing spatial orientation of action	Postpositions [J‑3‑2]
[J‑4]	Content words expressing spatial orientation of action	Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6]
[J‑8]	Expression of negation	Negative particles [J‑8‑3]
[J‑9]	Negation marker position	Preposition and postposition [J‑9‑9]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1]	Personal pronouns inflection	Case affixes of pronouns are the same as noun case affixes [K‑1‑2]
[K‑2]	Articles	No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7]	Number of conjugation types	Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8]	Verb agreement types	Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑9]	Agreement categories expressed in participle	Absent [K‑9‑1]
[K‑10]	Tense expressed by participle	Present, past and future [K‑10‑10]
[K‑14]	Attribute agreement of adjectives	Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	No attributive agreement [K‑15‑1]
[K‑16]	Inflectional categories of noun	Case, possessivity and number [K‑16‑11]
[K‑17]	Cumulative expression of several categories in noun	Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑18]	Inflection means	Internal flection and affixes [K‑18‑5]
[K‑19]	Word form model	Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1]	Word formation means	Derivation, compounding, conversion and reduplication [L‑1‑21]
[L‑2]	Derivation affixes	Suffixes [L‑2‑2]

Simple sentence

[M‑2]	Word order fixedness	Fixed [M‑2‑1]
[M‑3]	Dominant word order	SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4]	Order of nouns and its modifier	Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]
[M‑5]	Pro-drop	Impossible [M‑5‑2]

Complex sentence

[N‑1]	Clauses order in compound sentence	Subordinate clause precedes main clause [N‑1‑2]
[N‑3]	Dependent clause predicate	Both finite and non-finite forms possible [N‑3‑3]
[N‑4]	Compound sentence types	Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5]	Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton	Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

[A-3] Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees
[A-26] Inventory of fricatives by place of articulation
[B-15] Length character
[B-19] Other suprasegmental phenomena
[B-20] Types of phonation
[C-1] Syllable onset
[C-2] Syllable coda
[C-3] Consonant clusters in syllable
[D-1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
[D-2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
[D-3] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position
[D-4] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position
[D-5] Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words
[D-6] Differences between content and function words
[D-7] Types of differences between content and function words
[D-8] Differences between native and borrowed words
[D-9] Types of differences between native and borrowed words
[D-10] Differences between roots and affixes
[D-11] Types of differences between roots and affixes
[D-12] Functional type of alternations
[D-13] Type of altenations
[E-3] Agglutinative type features
[F-5] Attributive agreement in gender
[F-6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender
[F-8] Opposition by person/non-person
[F-9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy
[G-5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases
[G-6] Numeral system
[H-2] Subject and object marking
[H-3] Case of nominal predicate
[H-4] Case marking of possessive relations
[H-6] Means of expressing spatial relations
[I-9] Marking of person in present tense verbs
[I-10] Transitivity marker
[J-2] Expression of deictic categories
[J-5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness
[J-6] Words expressing (in)definiteness
[J-7] Grammatical ways to express politeness
[K-11] Adverb grammar categories
[K-12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective
[K-13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective
[L-3] Stems relations in stem compounding
[M-1] Morphosyntactic alignment
[N-2] Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences

Feature is not applicable to this language

[A-10] Vowel opposition in nasalization
[A-14] Types of diphthongs
[A-21] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation
[B-6] Fixed stress types
[B-8] Strictly fixed stress type (by position in a word)
[B-9] Limited stress carriers
[B-10] Tonema types
[B-11] Number of level tones
[B-12] Level tone types
[B-13] Number of contour tone levels
[B-14] Contour tonema types
[F-2] Morphological expression of agreement classes
[F-3] Syntactic expression of agreement classes
[F-4] Other means of expressing agreement classes
[H-7] Dependent nouns in possessive constructions
[K-3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one'
[K-4] Article place
[K-5] Position of article in noun phrase
[K-6] Grammar categories of article