Kalasha language

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Kalashamondr

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Volume 8. Dardic and Nuristani languages
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Genealogy

Indo-European → Indo-Iranian → Dardic

Geography

Main country: Pakistan (show on the map)

Identifiers

Glottolog: kala1372
ISO-639-3: kls
WALS: klh

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑15]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Opposition by voice presence/absence and by aspiration [A‑15‑6]
[A‑17]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑20]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3]
[A‑21]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Only glottal [A‑21‑2]
[A‑22]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑22‑1]
[A‑23]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑23‑6]
[A‑24]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑24‑17]

Prosodic phenomena

Syllable

No filled features for this language.

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑2]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position	Limited set of consonants possible [D‑2‑4]
[D‑12]	Functional type of alternations	Distinctive [D‑12‑3]
[D‑13]	Type of altenations	Consonant alternations [D‑13‑2]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Fusional with some agglutinative features [E‑1‑4]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑7]	Nouns classifying categories	Animacy/inanimacy [F‑7‑3]
[F‑9]	Expression of animacy/inanimacy	Morphological [F‑9‑2]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑5]	Form of a noun in numeral phrases	Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]
[G‑6]	Numeral system	Vigesimal [G‑6‑6]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑8]	Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns	Different [H‑8‑2]
[H‑9]	Secondary cases	Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Non-past [I‑5‑5]
[I‑6]	Aspect and tense expression	Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑8]	Syncretic expression of several verb meanings	Person, number, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑17]
[I‑9]	Marking of person in present tense verbs	In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10]	Transitivity marker	Special type of agreement [I‑10‑5]

Deictic categories

[J‑1]	Pronominal words	Pronouns-nouns and pronouns-adjectives [J‑1‑11]
[J‑2]	Expression of deictic categories	Demonstrative pronouns [J‑2‑1]
[J‑3]	Function words expressing spatial orientation of action	Postpositions [J‑3‑2]
[J‑4]	Content words expressing spatial orientation of action	Pronouns [J‑4‑4]
[J‑8]	Expression of negation	Negative and prohibitive affixes [J‑8‑13]
[J‑9]	Negation marker position	Preposition [J‑9‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1]	Personal pronouns inflection	Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2]	Articles	No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑8]	Verb agreement types	Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑10]	Tense expressed by participle	Present and past [K‑10‑6]
[K‑12]	Agreement categories expressed in adjective	Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑14]	Attribute agreement of adjectives	Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑17]	Cumulative expression of several categories in noun	Number and case [K‑17‑6]

Word formation

[L‑1]	Word formation means	Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12]
[L‑2]	Derivation affixes	Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑1]	Morphosyntactic alignment	Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑3]	Dominant word order	SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4]	Order of nouns and its modifier	Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence