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Kabardian language

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PDFVolume 9. Caucasian languages
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Genealogy

Caucasian → Northwest Caucasian → Circassian

Geography

Main country: Russian Federation (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑5] Presence of length degrees Absent [A‑5‑2] PDF
[A‑7] Presence of vowel opposition in labialization Absent [A‑7‑2] PDF
[A‑9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization Absent [A‑9‑2] PDF
[A‑11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12] Vowel opposition in ATR No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑13‑2] PDF
[A‑14] Types of diphthongs Rising (ascending) [A‑14‑1] PDF
[A‑15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Ejectives present [A‑15‑3]
[A‑16] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3] PDF
[A‑17] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, velar/uvular and laryngeal [A‑17‑4] PDF
[A‑18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2] PDF
[A‑19] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Alveolar and postalveolar [A‑19‑16]
[A‑20] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3] PDF
[A‑21] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Both pharyngeal and glottal [A‑21‑3] PDF
[A‑22] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents By labialization [A‑22‑2] PDF
[A‑24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑24‑17]
[A‑25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑25‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1] Basic prosodic unit Stress [B‑1‑1] PDF
[B‑2] Prosodic unit carrier Syllable [B‑2‑1] PDF
[B‑3] Character of prosodic unit by its choice Phonological [B‑3‑1] PDF
[B‑4] Stress type (quality characteristics) Dynamic [B‑4‑1] PDF
[B‑5] Stress fixedness Fixed [B‑5‑2] PDF
[B‑6] Fixed stress types Limited [B‑6‑2] PDF
[B‑7] Stress pattern in inflection Flexible [B‑7‑1] PDF
[B‑9] Limited stress carriers Ultima [B‑9‑4]
[B‑9] Limited stress carriers Penult [B‑9‑5]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Most syllables have a non-null onset [C‑1‑2] PDF
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4] PDF
[C‑3] Consonant clusters in syllable Consonant clusters are possible at both the onset and the coda of syllable [C‑3‑4] PDF

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position Absent [D‑1‑1] PDF
[D‑3] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position Present [D‑3‑2] PDF
[D‑4] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position Limited set of consonants possible [D‑4‑4] PDF
[D‑5] Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words Mostly bisyllabic words [D‑5‑3] PDF
[D‑6] Differences between content and function words Absent [D‑6‑1] PDF
[D‑8] Differences between native and borrowed words Present [D‑8‑2] PDF
[D‑9] Types of differences between native and borrowed words Differences in phonetic structure [D‑9‑1] PDF
[D‑10] Differences between roots and affixes Present [D‑10‑2] PDF
[D‑11] Types of differences between roots and affixes Differences in syllable structure [D‑11‑3] PDF

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Agglutinative with some fusional features [E‑1‑2]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1] PDF
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2] PDF
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1] PDF
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4] PDF

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Same [H‑8‑1] PDF
[H‑9] Secondary cases Present [H‑9‑1] PDF

Verbal categories

[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Affixes [I‑7‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Preverbs and postpositions [J‑3‑11]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative affixes [J‑8‑1]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition and postposition [J‑9‑9]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑2] Articles Definite and indefinite [K‑2‑4] PDF
[K‑3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one' Same [K‑3‑1] PDF
[K‑4] Article place Preposition and postposition [K‑4‑3] PDF
[K‑5] Position of article in noun phrase Single article preceding the phrase [K‑5‑1] PDF
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject and subject-object [K‑8‑4]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑19] Word form model Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12]

Simple sentence

[M‑3] Dominant word order SVO [M‑3‑1]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier follows noun [M‑4‑2]

Complex sentence

[N‑1] Clauses order in compound sentence Not fixed [N‑1‑3]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]

Unfilled features

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