Harappan language †

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Proto-Indian, Indus, Language of Indus valley civilization

---

Open the encyclopedia PDF (in Russian)

Volume 16. Ancient Relict Languages of the Near East
(The file will be loaded and then opened in a new window or tab on the relevant page)

Genealogy

Isolate

Geography

Main country: India (show on the map)

Identifiers

• Glottolog: hara1272
• ISO-639-3: xiv

---

Features

Phonemic structure

No filled features for this language.

Prosodic phenomena

No filled features for this language.

Syllable

No filled features for this language.

Phonologic structure and phenomena

No filled features for this language.

Morphological type of language

No filled features for this language.

Nominal classifications

No filled features for this language.

Number

No filled features for this language.

Case meanings

No filled features for this language.

Verbal categories

No filled features for this language.

Deictic categories

No filled features for this language.

Parts of speech and inflection

No filled features for this language.

Word formation

No filled features for this language.

Simple sentence

No filled features for this language.

Complex sentence

No filled features for this language.

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

• [A-2] Vowel height degrees
• [A-3] Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees
• [A-11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization
• [A-12] Vowel opposition in ATR
• [A-15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features
• [A-19] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation
• [A-23] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation
• [A-24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation
• [A-25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants
• [A-26] Inventory of fricatives by place of articulation
• [B-1] Basic prosodic unit
• [B-2] Prosodic unit carrier
• [B-3] Character of prosodic unit by its choice
• [B-4] Stress type (quality characteristics)
• [B-5] Stress fixedness
• [B-6] Fixed stress types
• [B-7] Stress pattern in inflection
• [B-8] Strictly fixed stress type (by position in a word)
• [B-9] Limited stress carriers
• [B-10] Tonema types
• [B-11] Number of level tones
• [B-12] Level tone types
• [B-13] Number of contour tone levels
• [B-14] Contour tonema types
• [B-15] Length character
• [B-16] Target of vowel harmony
• [B-17] Feature of vowel harmony
• [B-18] Trigger of vowel harmony
• [B-19] Other suprasegmental phenomena
• [B-20] Types of phonation
• [C-1] Syllable onset
• [C-2] Syllable coda
• [C-3] Consonant clusters in syllable
• [D-1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
• [D-2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
• [D-3] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position
• [D-4] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position
• [D-5] Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words
• [D-6] Differences between content and function words
• [D-7] Types of differences between content and function words
• [D-8] Differences between native and borrowed words
• [D-9] Types of differences between native and borrowed words
• [D-10] Differences between roots and affixes
• [D-11] Types of differences between roots and affixes
• [D-12] Functional type of alternations
• [D-13] Type of altenations
• [E-1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word
• [E-2] Fusional type features
• [E-3] Agglutinative type features
• [E-4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion
• [F-1] Number of agreement classes
• [F-2] Morphological expression of agreement classes
• [F-3] Syntactic expression of agreement classes
• [F-4] Other means of expressing agreement classes
• [F-5] Attributive agreement in gender
• [F-6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender
• [F-7] Nouns classifying categories
• [F-8] Opposition by person/non-person
• [F-9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy
• [G-1] Number in nouns
• [G-2] Single number marking
• [G-3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs
• [G-4] Agreement in number
• [G-5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases
• [G-6] Numeral system
• [H-1] Number of noun cases
• [H-2] Subject and object marking
• [H-3] Case of nominal predicate
• [H-4] Case marking of possessive relations
• [H-5] Other means of expressing possessive relations
• [H-6] Means of expressing spatial relations
• [H-7] Dependent nouns in possessive constructions
• [H-8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns
• [H-9] Secondary cases
• [I-1] Voice forms expression
• [I-2] Voice stacking in the same verb form
• [I-3] Double voice forms
• [I-4] Voice forms coincidence
• [I-5] Tense forms
• [I-6] Aspect and tense expression
• [I-7] Expression of tense categories
• [I-8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings
• [I-9] Marking of person in present tense verbs
• [I-10] Transitivity marker
• [J-1] Pronominal words
• [J-2] Expression of deictic categories
• [J-3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action
• [J-4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action
• [J-5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness
• [J-6] Words expressing (in)definiteness
• [J-7] Grammatical ways to express politeness
• [J-8] Expression of negation
• [J-9] Negation marker position
• [K-1] Personal pronouns inflection
• [K-2] Articles
• [K-3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one'
• [K-4] Article place
• [K-5] Position of article in noun phrase
• [K-6] Grammar categories of article
• [K-7] Number of conjugation types
• [K-8] Verb agreement types
• [K-9] Agreement categories expressed in participle
• [K-10] Tense expressed by participle
• [K-11] Adverb grammar categories
• [K-12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective
• [K-13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective
• [K-14] Attribute agreement of adjectives
• [K-15] Attributive agreement types
• [K-16] Inflectional categories of noun
• [K-17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun
• [K-18] Inflection means
• [K-19] Word form model
• [L-1] Word formation means
• [L-2] Derivation affixes
• [L-3] Stems relations in stem compounding
• [M-1] Morphosyntactic alignment
• [M-2] Word order fixedness
• [M-3] Dominant word order
• [M-4] Order of nouns and its modifier
• [M-5] Pro-drop
• [N-1] Clauses order in compound sentence
• [N-2] Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences
• [N-3] Dependent clause predicate
• [N-4] Compound sentence types
• [N-5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton

The encyclopedia explicitly states lack of data

• [A-1] Number of degrees of vowel height
• [A-4] Degrees of vowel backness
• [A-5] Presence of length degrees
• [A-6] Number of length degrees
• [A-7] Presence of vowel opposition in labialization
• [A-8] Vowel opposition in labialization
• [A-9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization
• [A-10] Vowel opposition in nasalization
• [A-13] Diphthongs and triphthongs
• [A-14] Types of diphthongs
• [A-16] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation
• [A-17] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation
• [A-18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation
• [A-20] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation
• [A-21] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation
• [A-22] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents