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German language

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Genealogy

Indo-European → Germanic → West Germanic → South Germanic

Geography

Main country: Germany (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑4] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑4‑3]
[A‑5] Presence of length degrees Present [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6] Number of length degrees Two [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7] Presence of vowel opposition in labialization Present [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8] Vowel opposition in labialization Present for front vowels [A‑8‑1]
[A‑9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization Absent [A‑9‑2]
[A‑13] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑13‑2]
[A‑14] Types of diphthongs Falling (descending) [A‑14‑2]
[A‑15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑15‑1]
[A‑16] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3]
[A‑17] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑19] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental and alveolar [A‑19‑6]
[A‑20] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar [A‑20‑1]
[A‑21] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Only glottal [A‑21‑2]
[A‑22] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑22‑1]
[A‑23] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid and vibrant [A‑23‑2]
[A‑24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal and guttural [A‑24‑16]
[A‑25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑25‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑2] Prosodic unit carrier Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Character of prosodic unit by its choice Phonological [B‑3‑1]
[B‑4] Stress type (quality characteristics) Dynamic [B‑4‑1]
[B‑5] Stress fixedness Fixed [B‑5‑2]
[B‑15] Length character Phonological [B‑15‑1]
[B‑16] Target of vowel harmony Phoneme [B‑16‑1]
[B‑17] Feature of vowel harmony Backness and height [B‑17‑6]
[B‑18] Trigger of vowel harmony First vowel of affix [B‑18‑2]
[B‑20] Types of phonation Stiff voice [B‑20‑6]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Most syllables have a non-null onset [C‑1‑2]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position Limited set of vowels [D‑2‑3]
[D‑2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position Limited set of consonants possible [D‑2‑4]
[D‑4] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position Limited set of vowels possible [D‑4‑3]
[D‑4] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position Limited set of consonants possible [D‑4‑4]
[D‑7] Types of differences between content and function words Differences in phonetic structure [D‑7‑1]
[D‑7] Types of differences between content and function words Differences in accentuation [D‑7‑2]
[D‑7] Types of differences between content and function words Differences in syllable structure [D‑7‑3]
[D‑9] Types of differences between native and borrowed words Differences in phonetic structure [D‑9‑1]
[D‑11] Types of differences between roots and affixes Differences in phonetic structure [D‑11‑1]
[D‑11] Types of differences between roots and affixes Differences in syllable structure [D‑11‑3]
[D‑12] Functional type of alternations Accompanying and distinctive [D‑12‑4]
[D‑13] Type of altenations Vowel, consonant and mixed alternations [D‑13‑8]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional with some agglutinative features [E‑1‑4]
[E‑2] Fusional type features Internal flection and cumulative flections [E‑2‑10]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes Three [F‑1‑3]
[F‑5] Attributive agreement in gender Only in singular [F‑5‑2]
[F‑6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender Absent [F‑6‑1]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Absent [F‑7‑1]
[F‑8] Opposition by person/non-person Lexical and syntactic [F‑8‑5]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Lexical and syntactic [F‑9‑4]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Neutral and polite [G‑3‑2]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]
[G‑6] Numeral system Decimal [G‑6‑1]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑3] Case of nominal predicate Nominative [H‑3‑4]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Possessive pronouns and verbs of possession [H‑5‑32]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Same [H‑8‑1]
[H‑9] Secondary cases Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑4] Voice forms coincidence Passive and reflexive [I‑4‑4]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Person, number, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑17]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]

Deictic categories

[J‑1] Pronominal words Pronominal adverbs, adjectives and nouns [J‑1‑10]
[J‑2] Expression of deictic categories Demonstrative pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and particles [J‑2‑29]
[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Prepositions [J‑3‑3]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Adjectives, pronouns, and adverbs [J‑4‑7]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Articles [J‑6‑1]
[J‑7] Grammatical ways to express politeness Pronouns distinguishing polite forms [J‑7‑1]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition and postposition [J‑9‑9]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Articles Definite and indefinite [K‑2‑4]
[K‑3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one' Different [K‑3‑2]
[K‑4] Article place Preposition [K‑4‑1]
[K‑5] Position of article in noun phrase Single article preceding the phrase [K‑5‑1]
[K‑6] Grammar categories of article Definiteness, case, gender and number [K‑6‑11]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Two types of conjugation [K‑7‑2]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Gender, number and case [K‑9‑7]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Present and past [K‑10‑6]
[K‑11] Adverb grammar categories Degrees of comparison [K‑11‑2]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Gender, number and case [K‑12‑10]
[K‑13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective Gender, number and case [K‑13‑7]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Only in preposition [K‑14‑3]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In case [K‑15‑3]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Gender / agreement class, number and case [K‑17‑11]
[K‑18] Inflection means Internal flection and affixes [K‑18‑5]
[K‑19] Word form model Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑2] Word order fixedness Relatively free [M‑2‑3]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SVO [M‑3‑1]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]
[M‑5] Pro-drop Impossible [M‑5‑2]

Complex sentence

[N‑1] Clauses order in compound sentence Not fixed [N‑1‑3]
[N‑2] Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences Special form of predicate [N‑2‑4]
[N‑3] Dependent clause predicate Both finite and non-finite forms possible [N‑3‑3]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

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