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Georgian language

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PDFVolume 9. Caucasian languages
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Genealogy

Caucasian → Kartvelian → South Kartvelian

Geography

Main country: Georgia (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2] PDF
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑4] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑4‑3] PDF
[A‑5] Presence of length degrees Absent [A‑5‑2] PDF
[A‑7] Presence of vowel opposition in labialization Absent [A‑7‑2] PDF
[A‑9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization Absent [A‑9‑2] PDF
[A‑11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12] Vowel opposition in ATR No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13] Diphthongs and triphthongs No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑13‑1] PDF
[A‑15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Ejective consonants present [A‑15‑8]
[A‑16] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3] PDF
[A‑17] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, velar/uvular and laryngeal [A‑17‑4] PDF
[A‑18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2] PDF
[A‑19] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental, alveolar and postalveolar [A‑19‑14]
[A‑20] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3] PDF
[A‑21] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Both pharyngeal and glottal [A‑21‑3] PDF
[A‑22] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑22‑1] PDF
[A‑23] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid and vibrant [A‑23‑2]
[A‑24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial and coronal [A‑24‑7]
[A‑25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑25‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1] Basic prosodic unit Stress [B‑1‑1] PDF
[B‑2] Prosodic unit carrier Syllable [B‑2‑1] PDF
[B‑3] Character of prosodic unit by its choice Phonological [B‑3‑1] PDF
[B‑4] Stress type (quality characteristics) Pitch-accent and dynamic [B‑4‑4] PDF
[B‑5] Stress fixedness Fixed [B‑5‑2] PDF
[B‑6] Fixed stress types Strictly fixed [B‑6‑1] PDF
[B‑7] Stress pattern in inflection Flexible [B‑7‑1] PDF
[B‑8] Strictly fixed stress type (by position in a word) First syllable [B‑8‑1]
[B‑8] Strictly fixed stress type (by position in a word) Antepenult [B‑8‑4]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑4] PDF
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4] PDF
[C‑3] Consonant clusters in syllable Consonant clusters are possible at both the onset and the coda of syllable [C‑3‑4] PDF

Phonologic structure and phenomena

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Agglutinative [E‑1‑1]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic [E‑4‑5]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Animacy/inanimacy [F‑7‑3]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Lexical and syntactic [F‑9‑4]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative [G‑4‑2]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular [G‑5‑1]
[G‑6] Numeral system Vigesimal with elements of decimal [G‑6‑4]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Eight-twelve [H‑1‑3]
[H‑4] Case marking of possessive relations Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Possessive pronouns [H‑5‑4]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Same [H‑8‑1]

Verbal categories

[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Absent [I‑8‑1]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]

Deictic categories

[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Adverbs [J‑4‑3]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Pronouns [J‑6‑2]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles and negative affixes [J‑8‑9]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Framing, preposition and postposition [J‑9‑11]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑2] Articles No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Four types of conjugation [K‑7‑4]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject and subject-object [K‑8‑4]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types No attributive agreement [K‑15‑1]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑18] Inflection means Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation, reduplication and compounding [L‑1‑19]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Suffixes and circumfixes [L‑2‑19]

Simple sentence

[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

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