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French language

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Genealogy

Indo-European → Italic → Romance → Italo-Western → Gallo-Romance

Geography

Main country: France (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑3] Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees Mid [A‑3‑2]
[A‑4] Degrees of vowel backness Front and back [A‑4‑2]
[A‑5] Presence of length degrees Absent [A‑5‑2]
[A‑7] Presence of vowel opposition in labialization Present [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8] Vowel opposition in labialization Present for front vowels [A‑8‑1]
[A‑9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization Present [A‑9‑1]
[A‑10] Vowel opposition in nasalization Present for front and back vowels [A‑10‑5]
[A‑13] Diphthongs and triphthongs No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑13‑1]
[A‑15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑15‑1]
[A‑16] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives and fricatives [A‑16‑1]
[A‑17] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, palatal and velar/uvular [A‑17‑3]
[A‑18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑19] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Dental, alveolar, and front-palatal [A‑19‑31]
[A‑20] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar [A‑20‑1]
[A‑22] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑22‑1]
[A‑23] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑23‑6]
[A‑24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal, dorsal and guttural [A‑24‑17]
[A‑25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑25‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑2] Prosodic unit carrier Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3] Character of prosodic unit by its choice Non-phonological [B‑3‑2]
[B‑4] Stress type (quality characteristics) Dynamic [B‑4‑1]
[B‑5] Stress fixedness Fixed [B‑5‑2]
[B‑9] Limited stress carriers Ultima [B‑9‑4]
[B‑15] Length character Non-phonological and rhythmic [B‑15‑6]
[B‑20] Types of phonation Stiff voice [B‑20‑6]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Both null and non-null onset possible [C‑1‑4]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position Limited set of consonants possible [D‑2‑4]
[D‑4] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position Limited set of consonants possible [D‑4‑4]
[D‑9] Types of differences between native and borrowed words Differences in phonetic structure [D‑9‑1]
[D‑12] Functional type of alternations Accompanying and distinctive [D‑12‑4]
[D‑13] Type of altenations Vowel, consonant, and phoneme complex alternations [D‑13‑11]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Fusional with some agglutinative features [E‑1‑4]
[E‑2] Fusional type features Cumulative affixes [E‑2‑2]
[E‑3] Agglutinative type features No phonetic alternations in morphemes, one flection can only express one meaning [E‑3‑8]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑2] Morphological expression of agreement classes Articles [F‑2‑1]
[F‑3] Syntactic expression of agreement classes Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, participles, and articles [F‑3‑21]
[F‑5] Attributive agreement in gender In singular and in plural [F‑5‑3]
[F‑6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender For "one" [F‑6‑3]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Absent [F‑7‑1]
[F‑8] Opposition by person/non-person Lexical and syntactic [F‑8‑5]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Lexical and syntactic [F‑9‑4]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Neutral and polite [G‑3‑2]
[G‑4] Agreement in number Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular and plural [G‑5‑3]
[G‑6] Numeral system Decimal with elements of duodecimal and vigesimal [G‑6‑10]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases No case [H‑1‑6]
[H‑2] Subject and object marking Subject, direct and indirect object personal pronouns, prepositions, verbal agreement, and word order [H‑2‑22]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Pronouns, adverbs, and prepositions [H‑6‑34]

Verbal categories

[I‑1] Voice forms expression Auxiliary verb + participle and pronominal verb form [I‑1‑17]
[I‑4] Voice forms coincidence Passive, reflexive and reciprocal [I‑4‑5]
[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Person, number, tense, aspect, and modality (mood) [I‑8‑17]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Change of conjugation type [I‑10‑6]

Deictic categories

[J‑1] Pronominal words Pronominal adverbs, adjectives and nouns [J‑1‑10]
[J‑2] Expression of deictic categories Demonstrative pronouns, impersonal pronouns, adverbs, prepositions, articles, and particles [J‑2‑43]
[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Prepositions [J‑3‑3]
[J‑4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action Pronouns and adverbs [J‑4‑6]
[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Articles [J‑6‑1]
[J‑7] Grammatical ways to express politeness Pronouns distinguishing polite forms [J‑7‑1]
[J‑7] Grammatical ways to express politeness Agreement [J‑7‑5]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles, pronouns and adverbs [J‑8‑15]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Framing and preposition [J‑9‑7]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Articles Definite, indefinite and partitive [K‑2‑5]
[K‑3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one' Same [K‑3‑1]
[K‑4] Article place Preposition [K‑4‑1]
[K‑5] Position of article in noun phrase Single article preceding the phrase [K‑5‑1]
[K‑6] Grammar categories of article Definiteness, gender and number [K‑6‑9]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Three types of conjugation [K‑7‑3]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑9] Agreement categories expressed in participle Gender and number [K‑9‑6]
[K‑10] Tense expressed by participle Present and past [K‑10‑6]
[K‑11] Adverb grammar categories Degrees of comparison [K‑11‑2]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Gender and number [K‑12‑7]
[K‑13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective Gender and number [K‑13‑5]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Always present [K‑14‑1]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Number [K‑16‑4]
[K‑17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑18] Inflection means Affixes [K‑18‑2]
[K‑19] Word form model Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑2] Derivation affixes Prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑3]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑2] Word order fixedness Fixed [M‑2‑1]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SVO [M‑3‑1]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier follows noun [M‑4‑2]
[M‑5] Pro-drop Impossible [M‑5‑2]

Complex sentence

[N‑1] Clauses order in compound sentence Not fixed [N‑1‑3]
[N‑3] Dependent clause predicate Both finite and non-finite forms possible [N‑3‑3]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination and compounding [N‑4‑4]
[N‑5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton Both syndesis and asyndeton possible [N‑5‑3]

Unfilled features

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