Budukh language

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Budugh

Open the encyclopedia PDF (in Russian)

Volume 9. Caucasian languages
(The file will be loaded and then opened in a new window or tab on the relevant page)

Genealogy

Caucasian → Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic

Geography

Main country: Azerbaijan (show on the map)

Identifiers

Glottolog: budu1248
Grambank: budu1248
ISO-639-3: bdk
WALS: bdk

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1]	Number of degrees of vowel height	Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑4]	Degrees of vowel backness	Front and back [A‑4‑2]
[A‑5]	Presence of length degrees	Absent [A‑5‑2]
[A‑7]	Presence of vowel opposition in labialization	Present [A‑7‑1]
[A‑8]	Vowel opposition in labialization	Present for front and back vowels [A‑8‑5]
[A‑9]	Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization	Absent [A‑9‑2]
[A‑13]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑13‑1]
[A‑16]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3]
[A‑17]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, velar/uvular and laryngeal [A‑17‑4]
[A‑18]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑20]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3]
[A‑21]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Both pharyngeal and glottal [A‑21‑3]
[A‑22]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑22‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1]	Basic prosodic unit	Stress [B‑1‑1]
[B‑2]	Prosodic unit carrier	Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3]	Character of prosodic unit by its choice	Non-phonological [B‑3‑2]
[B‑4]	Stress type (quality characteristics)	Quantitative [B‑4‑2]
[B‑5]	Stress fixedness	Fixed [B‑5‑2]
[B‑6]	Fixed stress types	Limited [B‑6‑2]
[B‑7]	Stress pattern in inflection	Flexible [B‑7‑1]
[B‑9]	Limited stress carriers	First syllable [B‑9‑1]
[B‑9]	Limited stress carriers	Second syllable [B‑9‑2]
[B‑9]	Limited stress carriers	Third syllable [B‑9‑3]

Syllable

[C‑1]	Syllable onset	No null onset [C‑1‑1]
[C‑2]	Syllable coda	Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]
[C‑3]	Consonant clusters in syllable	Consonant clusters are only possible at the coda of syllable [C‑3‑3]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑1]	Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position	Present [D‑1‑2]
[D‑2]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position	Only consonants possible [D‑2‑2]
[D‑2]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position	No vowel clusters [D‑2‑6]
[D‑2]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position	No consonant clusters [D‑2‑7]
[D‑3]	Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position	Present [D‑3‑2]
[D‑4]	Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position	No vowel clusters [D‑4‑6]
[D‑6]	Differences between content and function words	Absent [D‑6‑1]
[D‑8]	Differences between native and borrowed words	Absent [D‑8‑1]
[D‑10]	Differences between roots and affixes	Absent [D‑10‑1]

Morphological type of language

No filled features for this language.

Nominal classifications

No filled features for this language.

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3]	Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs	Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑6]	Numeral system	Vigesimal [G‑6‑6]

Case meanings

[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Possessive [H‑4‑4]
[H‑9]	Secondary cases	Present [H‑9‑1]

Verbal categories

[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Future [I‑5‑3]

Deictic categories

No filled features for this language.

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑2]

Articles

No articles [K‑2‑1]

Word formation

No filled features for this language.

Simple sentence

No filled features for this language.

Complex sentence

No filled features for this language.

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

[A-2] Vowel height degrees
[A-3] Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees
[A-11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization
[A-12] Vowel opposition in ATR
[A-15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features
[A-19] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation
[A-23] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation
[A-24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation
[A-25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants
[A-26] Inventory of fricatives by place of articulation
[B-15] Length character
[B-16] Target of vowel harmony
[B-17] Feature of vowel harmony
[B-18] Trigger of vowel harmony
[B-19] Other suprasegmental phenomena
[B-20] Types of phonation
[D-5] Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words
[D-12] Functional type of alternations
[D-13] Type of altenations
[E-1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word
[E-2] Fusional type features
[E-3] Agglutinative type features
[E-4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion
[F-1] Number of agreement classes
[F-2] Morphological expression of agreement classes
[F-3] Syntactic expression of agreement classes
[F-4] Other means of expressing agreement classes
[F-5] Attributive agreement in gender
[F-6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender
[F-7] Nouns classifying categories
[F-8] Opposition by person/non-person
[F-9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy
[G-4] Agreement in number
[G-5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases
[H-1] Number of noun cases
[H-2] Subject and object marking
[H-3] Case of nominal predicate
[H-5] Other means of expressing possessive relations
[H-6] Means of expressing spatial relations
[H-7] Dependent nouns in possessive constructions
[H-8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns
[I-1] Voice forms expression
[I-2] Voice stacking in the same verb form
[I-3] Double voice forms
[I-4] Voice forms coincidence
[I-6] Aspect and tense expression
[I-7] Expression of tense categories
[I-8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings
[I-9] Marking of person in present tense verbs
[I-10] Transitivity marker
[J-1] Pronominal words
[J-2] Expression of deictic categories
[J-3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness
[J-6] Words expressing (in)definiteness
[J-8] Expression of negation
[J-9] Negation marker position
[K-1] Personal pronouns inflection
[K-6] Grammar categories of article
[K-7] Number of conjugation types
[K-8] Verb agreement types
[K-9] Agreement categories expressed in participle
[K-10] Tense expressed by participle
[K-11] Adverb grammar categories
[K-12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective
[K-13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective
[K-14] Attribute agreement of adjectives
[K-15] Attributive agreement types
[K-16] Inflectional categories of noun
[K-17] Cumulative expression of several categories in noun
[K-18] Inflection means
[K-19] Word form model
[L-1] Word formation means
[L-2] Derivation affixes
[L-3] Stems relations in stem compounding
[M-1] Morphosyntactic alignment
[M-2] Word order fixedness
[M-3] Dominant word order
[M-4] Order of nouns and its modifier
[M-5] Pro-drop
[N-1] Clauses order in compound sentence
[N-2] Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences
[N-3] Dependent clause predicate
[N-4] Compound sentence types
[N-5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton

Feature is not applicable to this language

[A-6] Number of length degrees
[A-10] Vowel opposition in nasalization
[A-14] Types of diphthongs
[B-8] Strictly fixed stress type (by position in a word)
[B-10] Tonema types
[B-11] Number of level tones
[B-12] Level tone types
[B-13] Number of contour tone levels
[B-14] Contour tonema types
[D-7] Types of differences between content and function words
[D-9] Types of differences between native and borrowed words
[D-11] Types of differences between roots and affixes
[J-7] Grammatical ways to express politeness
[K-3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one'
[K-4] Article place
[K-5] Position of article in noun phrase