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Boko language

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PDFVolume 21. Mande languages
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Genealogy

Mande → Southeastern → East Mande

Geography

Main country: Benin (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Four [A‑1‑3]
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, close-mid, open-mid and open [A‑2‑5]
[A‑4] Degrees of vowel backness Front, central and back [A‑4‑3]
[A‑5] Presence of length degrees Absent [A‑5‑2]
[A‑7] Presence of vowel opposition in labialization Absent [A‑7‑2]
[A‑9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization Present [A‑9‑1]
[A‑10] Vowel opposition in nasalization Present for front, central and back vowels [A‑10‑7]
[A‑11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12] Vowel opposition in ATR No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑13‑2]
[A‑15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Opposition by presence and absence of voice [A‑15‑1]
[A‑16] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives and fricatives [A‑16‑1]
[A‑17] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2]
[A‑19] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation Alveolar and retroflex [A‑19‑17]
[A‑20] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar [A‑20‑1]
[A‑21] Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation Only glottal [A‑21‑2]
[A‑22] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents Absent [A‑22‑1]
[A‑23] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑23‑6]
[A‑24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑24‑14]
[A‑25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants Absent [A‑25‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑15] Length character Non-phonological [B‑15‑2]
[B‑19] Other suprasegmental phenomena Nasalization [B‑19‑1]

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Most syllables have a non-null onset [C‑1‑2]
[C‑2] Syllable coda Only null coda possible [C‑2‑1]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑4] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position Only vowels possible [D‑4‑1]
[D‑7] Types of differences between content and function words Differences in syllable structure [D‑7‑3]
[D‑11] Types of differences between roots and affixes Differences in syllable structure [D‑11‑3]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Agglutinative with some fusional features [E‑1‑2]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Analytic with elements of synthetism [E‑4‑3]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender Absent [F‑6‑1]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Person/non-person [F‑7‑2]
[F‑8] Opposition by person/non-person Syntactic [F‑8‑3]
[F‑9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy Lexical [F‑9‑1]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs Absent [G‑3‑1]
[G‑4] Agreement in number No agreement in number [G‑4‑1]
[G‑5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases Singular [G‑5‑1]
[G‑6] Numeral system Mixed, with elements of quinary, decimal, pentadecimal, and vigesimal [G‑6‑7]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Apposition [H‑5‑7]
[H‑6] Means of expressing spatial relations Adpositions [H‑6‑12]
[H‑8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns Same [H‑8‑1]
[H‑9] Secondary cases Absent [H‑9‑2]

Verbal categories

[I‑1] Voice forms expression Category of voice is absent [I‑1‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms General [I‑5‑6]
[I‑6] Aspect and tense expression Syncretic [I‑6‑2]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Function words [I‑7‑2]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Tense, aspect, and polarity [I‑8‑15]
[I‑9] Marking of person in present tense verbs Absent [I‑9‑1]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Absent [I‑10‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑5] Morphological expression of (in)definiteness Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑6] Words expressing (in)definiteness Articles [J‑6‑1]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative particles [J‑8‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1] Personal pronouns inflection Pronominal inflection type [K‑1‑3]
[K‑2] Articles Only definite [K‑2‑3]
[K‑4] Article place Postposition [K‑4‑2]
[K‑5] Position of article in noun phrase Single article preceding the phrase [K‑5‑1]
[K‑6] Grammar categories of article Definiteness [K‑6‑2]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑11] Adverb grammar categories Absent [K‑11‑1]
[K‑12] Agreement categories expressed in adjective Absent [K‑12‑1]
[K‑14] Attribute agreement of adjectives Absent [K‑14‑2]
[K‑15] Attributive agreement types No attributive agreement [K‑15‑1]
[K‑16] Inflectional categories of noun Absent [K‑16‑1]
[K‑18] Inflection means Reduplication and affixes [K‑18‑6]
[K‑19] Word form model Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation, compounding, conversion and reduplication [L‑1‑21]
[L‑2] Derivation affixes Suffixes [L‑2‑2]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑2] Word order fixedness Fixed [M‑2‑1]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier follows noun [M‑4‑2]
[M‑5] Pro-drop Possible [M‑5‑1]

Complex sentence

[N‑1] Clauses order in compound sentence Not fixed [N‑1‑3]
[N‑3] Dependent clause predicate Both finite and non-finite forms possible [N‑3‑3]
[N‑4] Compound sentence types Subordination, compounding and clause chaining [N‑4‑5]

Unfilled features

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