Akkadian language †

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Assyro-Babylonian

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Volume 15. Semitic Languages. Akkadian. Northwest Semitic
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Genealogy

Afroasiatic → Semitic → East Semitic

Geography

Main country: Iraq (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Glottolog: akka1240
Grambank: akka1240
ISO-639-3: akk

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1]	Number of degrees of vowel height	Three [A‑1‑2]
[A‑4]	Degrees of vowel backness	Front and back [A‑4‑2]
[A‑5]	Presence of length degrees	Present [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6]	Number of length degrees	Two [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7]	Presence of vowel opposition in labialization	Absent [A‑7‑2]
[A‑9]	Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization	Absent [A‑9‑2]
[A‑13]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑13‑1]
[A‑16]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3]
[A‑17]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, velar/uvular and laryngeal [A‑17‑4]
[A‑18]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Only bilabial [A‑18‑1]
[A‑19]	Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation	Dental [A‑19‑1]
[A‑20]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3]
[A‑21]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Only glottal [A‑21‑2]
[A‑22]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑22‑1]
[A‑23]	Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation	Nasal, liquid, vibrant and glide [A‑23‑6]
[A‑24]	Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation	Labial, coronal and dorsal [A‑24‑14]

Prosodic phenomena

No filled features for this language.

Syllable

No filled features for this language.

Phonologic structure and phenomena

No filled features for this language.

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Fusional [E‑1‑3]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1]	Number of agreement classes	Two [F‑1‑2]
[F‑3]	Syntactic expression of agreement classes	Adjectives, numerals, pronouns, and verbs [F‑3‑11]
[F‑6]	Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender	Always present [F‑6‑2]
[F‑7]	Nouns classifying categories	Absent [F‑7‑1]

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular, dual and plural [G‑1‑2]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑5]	Form of a noun in numeral phrases	Plural [G‑5‑2]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑3]	Case of nominal predicate	Nominative [H‑3‑4]
[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑5]	Other means of expressing possessive relations	Possessive pronominal enclitics and possessive pronouns [H‑5‑10]

Verbal categories

[I‑9]

Marking of person in present tense verbs

In singular and plural [I‑9‑3]

Deictic categories

[J‑5]	Morphological expression of (in)definiteness	Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑8]	Expression of negation	Prohibitive and negative particles [J‑8‑8]
[J‑9]	Negation marker position	Preposition [J‑9‑3]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑2]	Articles	No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7]	Number of conjugation types	Two types of conjugation [K‑7‑2]
[K‑8]	Verb agreement types	Subject [K‑8‑2]
[K‑12]	Agreement categories expressed in adjective	Gender, number and case [K‑12‑10]
[K‑13]	Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective	Absent [K‑13‑1]
[K‑14]	Attribute agreement of adjectives	Always present [K‑14‑1]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In case [K‑15‑3]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In gender [K‑15‑4]
[K‑16]	Inflectional categories of noun	Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17]	Cumulative expression of several categories in noun	Number and case [K‑17‑6]
[K‑19]	Word form model	Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑1]	Word formation means	Derivation [L‑1‑6]
[L‑2]	Derivation affixes	Infixes, prefixes and suffixes [L‑2‑7]

Simple sentence

[M‑1]	Morphosyntactic alignment	Accusative [M‑1‑3]
[M‑3]	Dominant word order	SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4]	Order of nouns and its modifier	Modifier follows noun [M‑4‑2]

Complex sentence

[N‑2]	Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences	Special form of predicate [N‑2‑4]
[N‑3]	Dependent clause predicate	Finite forms [N‑3‑1]

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

[A-2] Vowel height degrees
[A-3] Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees
[A-11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization
[A-12] Vowel opposition in ATR
[A-15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features
[A-25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants
[A-26] Inventory of fricatives by place of articulation
[B-1] Basic prosodic unit
[B-2] Prosodic unit carrier
[B-3] Character of prosodic unit by its choice
[B-4] Stress type (quality characteristics)
[B-5] Stress fixedness
[B-6] Fixed stress types
[B-7] Stress pattern in inflection
[B-8] Strictly fixed stress type (by position in a word)
[B-9] Limited stress carriers
[B-10] Tonema types
[B-11] Number of level tones
[B-12] Level tone types
[B-13] Number of contour tone levels
[B-14] Contour tonema types
[B-15] Length character
[B-16] Target of vowel harmony
[B-17] Feature of vowel harmony
[B-18] Trigger of vowel harmony
[B-19] Other suprasegmental phenomena
[B-20] Types of phonation
[C-1] Syllable onset
[C-2] Syllable coda
[C-3] Consonant clusters in syllable
[D-1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
[D-2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
[D-3] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position
[D-4] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position
[D-5] Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words
[D-6] Differences between content and function words
[D-7] Types of differences between content and function words
[D-8] Differences between native and borrowed words
[D-9] Types of differences between native and borrowed words
[D-10] Differences between roots and affixes
[D-11] Types of differences between roots and affixes
[D-12] Functional type of alternations
[D-13] Type of altenations
[E-2] Fusional type features
[E-3] Agglutinative type features
[F-2] Morphological expression of agreement classes
[F-4] Other means of expressing agreement classes
[F-5] Attributive agreement in gender
[F-8] Opposition by person/non-person
[F-9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy
[G-2] Single number marking
[G-3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs
[G-6] Numeral system
[H-2] Subject and object marking
[H-6] Means of expressing spatial relations
[H-7] Dependent nouns in possessive constructions
[H-8] Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns
[H-9] Secondary cases
[I-1] Voice forms expression
[I-2] Voice stacking in the same verb form
[I-3] Double voice forms
[I-4] Voice forms coincidence
[I-5] Tense forms
[I-6] Aspect and tense expression
[I-7] Expression of tense categories
[I-8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings
[I-10] Transitivity marker
[J-1] Pronominal words
[J-2] Expression of deictic categories
[J-3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-6] Words expressing (in)definiteness
[J-7] Grammatical ways to express politeness
[K-1] Personal pronouns inflection
[K-9] Agreement categories expressed in participle
[K-10] Tense expressed by participle
[K-11] Adverb grammar categories
[K-18] Inflection means
[L-3] Stems relations in stem compounding
[M-2] Word order fixedness
[M-5] Pro-drop
[N-1] Clauses order in compound sentence
[N-4] Compound sentence types
[N-5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton

Feature is not applicable to this language

[A-8] Vowel opposition in labialization
[A-10] Vowel opposition in nasalization
[A-14] Types of diphthongs
[K-3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one'
[K-4] Article place
[K-5] Position of article in noun phrase
[K-6] Grammar categories of article