Akhvakh language

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Volume 9. Caucasian languages
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Genealogy

Caucasian → Northeast Caucasian → Avar-Andic → Andic

Geography

Main country: Russian Federation (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Glottolog: akhv1239
ISO-639-3: akv
WALS: axv

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑5]	Presence of length degrees	Present [A‑5‑1]
[A‑6]	Number of length degrees	Two [A‑6‑1]
[A‑7]	Presence of vowel opposition in labialization	Absent [A‑7‑2]
[A‑9]	Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization	Present [A‑9‑1]
[A‑13]	Diphthongs and triphthongs	No diphthongs and triphthongs [A‑13‑1]
[A‑15]	Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features	Ejectives present [A‑15‑3]
[A‑16]	Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation	Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3]
[A‑17]	Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation	Labial, coronal, palatal, guttural and laryngeal [A‑17‑2]
[A‑18]	Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation	Only bilabial [A‑18‑1]
[A‑20]	Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation	Velar and uvular [A‑20‑3]
[A‑21]	Inventory of postuvular obstruents by place of articulation	Both pharyngeal and glottal [A‑21‑3]
[A‑22]	Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents	Absent [A‑22‑1]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1]	Basic prosodic unit	Stress and tones [B‑1‑4]
[B‑2]	Prosodic unit carrier	Syllable [B‑2‑1]
[B‑3]	Character of prosodic unit by its choice	Phonological [B‑3‑1]
[B‑4]	Stress type (quality characteristics)	Dynamic [B‑4‑1]
[B‑5]	Stress fixedness	Flexible [B‑5‑1]
[B‑10]	Tonema types	Register and contour [B‑10‑3]
[B‑11]	Number of level tones	Two [B‑11‑1]
[B‑12]	Level tone types	High [B‑12‑2]
[B‑12]	Level tone types	Low [B‑12‑4]
[B‑13]	Number of contour tone levels	Two [B‑13‑2]
[B‑14]	Contour tonema types	Rising [B‑14‑1]
[B‑14]	Contour tonema types	Falling [B‑14‑4]
[B‑16]	Target of vowel harmony	No vowel harmony [B‑16‑9]

Syllable

[C‑1]	Syllable onset	No null onset [C‑1‑1]
[C‑2]	Syllable coda	Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4]
[C‑3]	Consonant clusters in syllable	Consonant clusters are only possible at the onset of syllable [C‑3‑2]

Phonologic structure and phenomena

No filled features for this language.

Morphological type of language

[E‑1]	Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word	Agglutinative [E‑1‑1]
[E‑4]	Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion	Synthetic with elements of analytism [E‑4‑6]

Nominal classifications

No filled features for this language.

Number

[G‑1]	Number in nouns	Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2]	Single number marking	Unmarked [G‑2‑2]
[G‑4]	Agreement in number	Predicative and attributive [G‑4‑4]
[G‑6]	Numeral system	Vigesimal [G‑6‑6]

Case meanings

[H‑1]	Number of noun cases	Eight-twelve [H‑1‑3]
[H‑4]	Case marking of possessive relations	Genitive [H‑4‑1]
[H‑5]	Other means of expressing possessive relations	Possessive pronouns [H‑5‑4]
[H‑8]	Case marking of animate and inanimate nouns	Same [H‑8‑1]

Verbal categories

[I‑5]	Tense forms	Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5]	Tense forms	Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑7]	Expression of tense categories	Auxiliary verbs and affixes [I‑7‑3]
[I‑9]	Marking of person in present tense verbs	Absent [I‑9‑1]

Deictic categories

[J‑5]	Morphological expression of (in)definiteness	Absent [J‑5‑1]
[J‑6]	Words expressing (in)definiteness	Pronouns [J‑6‑2]
[J‑8]	Expression of negation	Negative particles and negative verbs [J‑8‑7]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑1]	Personal pronouns inflection	Case affixes of pronouns are the same as noun case affixes [K‑1‑2]
[K‑2]	Articles	No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7]	Number of conjugation types	Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In number [K‑15‑2]
[K‑15]	Attributive agreement types	In class [K‑15‑5]
[K‑16]	Inflectional categories of noun	Number and case [K‑16‑7]
[K‑17]	Cumulative expression of several categories in noun	Absent [K‑17‑1]
[K‑19]	Word form model	Mainly or only suffixal [K‑19‑4]

Word formation

[L‑1]	Word formation means	Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12]
[L‑2]	Derivation affixes	Suffixes [L‑2‑2]

Simple sentence

[M‑1]	Morphosyntactic alignment	Ergative [M‑1‑5]
[M‑2]	Word order fixedness	Non-fixed [M‑2‑2]
[M‑3]	Dominant word order	SOV [M‑3‑2]
[M‑4]	Order of nouns and its modifier	Modifier precedes noun [M‑4‑1]

Complex sentence

No filled features for this language.

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

[A-1] Number of degrees of vowel height
[A-2] Vowel height degrees
[A-3] Opposition in openness/closedness for vowel height degrees
[A-4] Degrees of vowel backness
[A-10] Vowel opposition in nasalization
[A-11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization
[A-12] Vowel opposition in ATR
[A-19] Inventory of coronal obstruents by place of articulation
[A-23] Inventory of sonorants by manner of articulation
[A-24] Inventory of sonorants by place of articulation
[A-25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants
[A-26] Inventory of fricatives by place of articulation
[B-7] Stress pattern in inflection
[B-15] Length character
[B-19] Other suprasegmental phenomena
[B-20] Types of phonation
[D-1] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
[D-2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position
[D-3] Restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position
[D-4] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the final position
[D-5] Variants of characteristics of the syllabic structure of words
[D-6] Differences between content and function words
[D-7] Types of differences between content and function words
[D-8] Differences between native and borrowed words
[D-9] Types of differences between native and borrowed words
[D-10] Differences between roots and affixes
[D-11] Types of differences between roots and affixes
[D-12] Functional type of alternations
[D-13] Type of altenations
[E-2] Fusional type features
[E-3] Agglutinative type features
[F-1] Number of agreement classes
[F-2] Morphological expression of agreement classes
[F-3] Syntactic expression of agreement classes
[F-4] Other means of expressing agreement classes
[F-5] Attributive agreement in gender
[F-6] Agreement of cardinal numerals in gender
[F-7] Nouns classifying categories
[F-8] Opposition by person/non-person
[F-9] Expression of animacy/inanimacy
[G-3] Honorific forms in pronouns and verbs
[G-5] Form of a noun in numeral phrases
[H-2] Subject and object marking
[H-3] Case of nominal predicate
[H-6] Means of expressing spatial relations
[H-7] Dependent nouns in possessive constructions
[H-9] Secondary cases
[I-1] Voice forms expression
[I-2] Voice stacking in the same verb form
[I-3] Double voice forms
[I-4] Voice forms coincidence
[I-6] Aspect and tense expression
[I-8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings
[I-10] Transitivity marker
[J-1] Pronominal words
[J-2] Expression of deictic categories
[J-3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-4] Content words expressing spatial orientation of action
[J-7] Grammatical ways to express politeness
[J-9] Negation marker position
[K-8] Verb agreement types
[K-9] Agreement categories expressed in participle
[K-10] Tense expressed by participle
[K-11] Adverb grammar categories
[K-13] Cumulative expression of several categories in adjective
[K-14] Attribute agreement of adjectives
[K-18] Inflection means
[L-3] Stems relations in stem compounding
[M-5] Pro-drop
[N-1] Clauses order in compound sentence
[N-2] Dependent clause distinctions in complex sentences
[N-3] Dependent clause predicate
[N-4] Compound sentence types
[N-5] Compound sentence syndesis and asyndeton

Feature is not applicable to this language

[A-8] Vowel opposition in labialization
[A-14] Types of diphthongs
[B-6] Fixed stress types
[B-8] Strictly fixed stress type (by position in a word)
[B-9] Limited stress carriers
[B-17] Feature of vowel harmony
[B-18] Trigger of vowel harmony
[K-3] Indefinite article and numeral 'one'
[K-4] Article place
[K-5] Position of article in noun phrase
[K-6] Grammar categories of article