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Adyghe language

Alternative names (including historical names and autoglottonyms): Lower-Adyghe, Kiach

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PDFVolume 9. Caucasian languages
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Genealogy

Caucasian → Northwest Caucasian → Circassian

Geography

Main country: Russian Federation (show on the map)

Area maps from the encyclopedia (in Russian)

Map designer: Yuri Koryakov

Identifiers

Features

Phonemic structure

[A‑1] Number of degrees of vowel height Three [A‑1‑2] PDF
[A‑2] Vowel height degrees Close, mid and open [A‑2‑3]
[A‑5] Presence of length degrees Absent [A‑5‑2] PDF
[A‑7] Presence of vowel opposition in labialization Absent [A‑7‑2] PDF
[A‑9] Presence of vowel opposition in nasalization Absent [A‑9‑2] PDF
[A‑11] Vowel opposition in pharyngealization No vowel opposition in pharyngealization [A‑11‑1]
[A‑12] Vowel opposition in ATR No vowel opposition in ATR [A‑12‑1]
[A‑13] Diphthongs and triphthongs Only diphthongs present [A‑13‑2] PDF
[A‑14] Types of diphthongs Rising (ascending) [A‑14‑1] PDF
[A‑15] Inventory of obstruents by laryngeal features Ejective and preruptive consonants present [A‑15‑20]
[A‑16] Inventory of obstruents by manner of articulation Plosives, affricates and fricatives [A‑16‑3] PDF
[A‑17] Inventory of obstruents by place of articulation Labial, coronal, palatal and velar/uvular [A‑17‑3] PDF
[A‑18] Inventory of labial obstruents by place of articulation Bilabial and labiodental [A‑18‑2] PDF
[A‑20] Inventory of guttural obstruents by place of articulation Velar [A‑20‑1] PDF
[A‑22] Additional articulatory oppositions of obstruents By labialization and palatalization [A‑22‑5] PDF
[A‑25] Additional articulatory oppositions of sonorants By labialization [A‑25‑4]

Prosodic phenomena

[B‑1] Basic prosodic unit Stress [B‑1‑1] PDF
[B‑2] Prosodic unit carrier Syllable [B‑2‑1] PDF
[B‑3] Character of prosodic unit by its choice Phonological and non-phonological [B‑3‑3] PDF
[B‑5] Stress fixedness Flexible [B‑5‑1] PDF

Syllable

[C‑1] Syllable onset Most syllables have a null onset [C‑1‑3] PDF
[C‑2] Syllable coda Both null and non-null coda possible [C‑2‑4] PDF
[C‑3] Consonant clusters in syllable Consonant clusters are possible at both the onset and the coda of syllable [C‑3‑4] PDF

Phonologic structure and phenomena

[D‑2] Types of restrictions on the phonemic structure in the initial position Only consonants possible [D‑2‑2]

Morphological type of language

[E‑1] Type of language by type of morpheme combination in a word Agglutinative with some fusional features [E‑1‑2]
[E‑4] Type of language by degree of morpheme cohesion Synthetic [E‑4‑5]

Nominal classifications

[F‑1] Number of agreement classes No agreement classes [F‑1‑1]
[F‑7] Nouns classifying categories Absent [F‑7‑1]

Number

[G‑1] Number in nouns Singular and plural [G‑1‑1]
[G‑2] Single number marking Unmarked [G‑2‑2]

Case meanings

[H‑1] Number of noun cases Three-seven [H‑1‑2]
[H‑5] Other means of expressing possessive relations Possessive affixes [H‑5‑3]

Verbal categories

[I‑5] Tense forms Past [I‑5‑1]
[I‑5] Tense forms Present [I‑5‑2]
[I‑5] Tense forms Future [I‑5‑3]
[I‑7] Expression of tense categories Affixes [I‑7‑1]
[I‑8] Syncretic expression of several verb meanings Person and number [I‑8‑4]
[I‑10] Transitivity marker Morphonological alternation [I‑10‑4]

Deictic categories

[J‑3] Function words expressing spatial orientation of action Preverbs and postpositions [J‑3‑11]
[J‑8] Expression of negation Negative affixes [J‑8‑1]
[J‑9] Negation marker position Preposition and postposition [J‑9‑9]

Parts of speech and inflection

[K‑2] Articles No articles [K‑2‑1]
[K‑7] Number of conjugation types Single type of conjugation [K‑7‑1]
[K‑8] Verb agreement types Subject and subject-object [K‑8‑4]
[K‑19] Word form model Prefixal-suffixal [K‑19‑1]

Word formation

[L‑1] Word formation means Derivation and compounding [L‑1‑12]

Simple sentence

[M‑1] Morphosyntactic alignment Ergative [M‑1‑5]
[M‑3] Dominant word order SVO [M‑3‑1]
[M‑4] Order of nouns and its modifier Modifier follows noun [M‑4‑2]

Complex sentence

No filled features for this language.

Unfilled features

The encyclopedia contains no information

Feature is not applicable to this language